LEKGOTLA LE PHAHAMENG LA BOIPILETSO (SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL WEBSITE TRANSLATION)
RE BOMANG
Matla a Boahlodi
Molaotheo o beha moralo wa matla a boahlodi a Afrika Borwa, ka tsela e latelang:
- Matla a boahlodi a Rephaboliki a fuwe makgotla.
- Makgotla a ikemetse mme a laolwa feela ke Molaotheo hammoho le molao, oo a tlamehang ho o sebedisa ka ho se nke lehlakore, ntle le tshabo, leeme kapa leeme la kgethollo.
- Ha ho motho kapa setheo sa mmuso se ka itshunyang tshebetsong ya makgotla.
- Makala a mmuso, ka mehato ya molao le e meng, a tlameha ho thusa le ho sireletsa makgotla e le ho nnetefatsa boipuso, ho se nke lehlakore, seriti, phihlelleho le katleho ya makgotla.
- Taelo kapa qeto e ntshitsweng ke makgotla e tlama batho bohle, hammoho le mekgatlo ya mmuso, eo qeto kapa taelo e ntsheditsweng bona.
- Moahlodi e Moholo ke hlooho ya lekala la boahlodi, mme o na le boikarabelo ba ho theha le ho beha leihlo melao le maemo bakeng sa mesebetsi yohle ya boahlodi makgotleng ohle.
Boemo ba Lekgotla le Phahameng la Boipiletso ka hara tsamaiso ya toka
Lekgotla le Phahameng la Boipiletso (SCA) ke lona le nkileng sebaka sa Lefapha la Boipiletso (Appellate Division), le ileng la thehwa lekgetlo la pele ka 1910 ha ho ne ho thehwa Kopano ya Afrika Borwa [Histori le Boitshetleho]. Lebitso la lekgotla lena le ile la fetolwa ha ho amohelwa Molaotheo ka 1996.
SCA ha e sa shebane le ditaba tse itseng tse amanang le basebetsi hammoho le tlhodisano, ke lekgotla la bobedi ka boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa Afrika Borwa. Nakong e fetileng, lona le Lekgotla la Molaotheo e ne e le ‘makgotla a ka sehloohong’, a nang le meedi e fapaneng ya matla a ho ahlola. Leha ho le jwalo, ho tloha ka Phato 2013, Lekgotla la Molaotheo e bile lona lekgotla le phahameng ka ho fetisisa ditabeng tsohle.
Ho latela Molaotheo, SCA:
- e ka etsa diqeto tabeng efe kapa efe, ntle le ditaba tse itseng tse amanang le basebetsi le tlholisano; empa
- ke lekgotla la boipiletso feela, mme le ka etsa diqeto feela mabapi le boipiletso hammoho le ditaba tse amanang le boipiletso.
SCA e ka fana ka taelo mabapi le hore na Ketso ya Palamente, Kektso ya Provense, kapa ketso efe kapa efe ya Mopresidente e dumellana le Molaotheo na; leha ho le jwalo, taelo e bolelang hore ntho e itseng ha e dumellane le Molaotheo e ke ke ya sebetsa ntle le haeba e tjhaelletswe monwana ke Lekgotla la Molaotheo.
Sebopeho, Matla le sebaka sa taolo sa Lekgotla.
SCA e na le Mopresidente, Motlatsi wa Mopresidente le palo ya baahlodi ba boipiletso ba behilweng ke Ketso ya Palamente. Ha jwale, ho na le baahlodi ba 23 ba kgethilweng moshwelella, ho ekelletsa ho Mopresidente le Motlatsi wa Mopresidente. [Baahlodi ba Lekgotla].
SCA e na le matla a sebaka sa taolo ho mamela le ho etsa qeto mabapi le boipiletso kgahlanong le qeto efe kapa efe ya Lekgotla le Phahameng. Diqeto tsa Lekgotla lena di tlameha ho latelwa ke makgotla ohle a maemo a tlase, mme diqeto tsa Lekgotla le Phahameng di tlameha ho latelwa ke Makgotla a Magistrata a ka hare ho dibaka tseo Lekgotla le Phahameng le nang le matla a taolo ho tsona.
Moahlodi e moholo ka ho fetisisa Lekgotleng le Phahameng la Boipiletso (SCA) ke Mopresidente wa Lekgotla leo. Nakong ya pele ho ba teng ha Molaotheo, moahlodi e moholo ka ho fetisisa e ne e le Moahlodi e Moholo wa naha. Leha ho le jwalo, ka 2001, hlooho ya Lekgotla la Molaotheo e ile ya fetoha Moahlodi e Moholo, mme hlooho ya SCA ya fetoha Mopresidente wa Lekgotla leo. Setsi sa SCA se Bloemfontein. Leha ho le jwalo, ho na le tokisetso e dumellang hore kopano ya Lekgotla e tshwarelwe sebakeng se seng ha ho nkwa ho loketse kapa ho le molemong wa toka. Tshebetso ya Lekgotla lena e sebetsa Rephaboliking yohle, mme diqeto le ditaelo tsa lona di tlameha ho phethahatswa sebakeng sefe kapa sefe, jwalokaha eka ke diqeto kapa ditaelo tsa Lekgotla le Phahameng kapa Lekgotla la Magistrata le nang le matla a ho laola sebakeng seo.
Hangata Lekgotla le sebetsa ka dihlopha tsa baahlodi ba bararo kapa ba bahlano, ho latela mofuta wa boipiletso. Mopresidente wa SCA, a shebile bohlokwa ba taba e itseng, a ka laela hore e utluwe ka pela sehlopha sa baahlodi ba fetang ba bahlano. Ka 1955, ho ile ha fetiswa molao e le karolo ya boiteko ba mmuso ba ho tlosa batho ba mebala lethathameng la bakgethi,o neng o laela hore, haeba ho na le dipotso mabapi le hore na molao o itseng o molaong kapa tjhe, Lekgotla le lokela ho bopuwa ke baahlodi ba 11. Lekgotla le ile la atoloswa ka ho eketswa ha baahlodi ba 6, mme ho tloha ka nako eo, palo ya baahlodi ya eketseha ka tsela e dumellanang le seo. Leha ho le jwalo, tokisetso ena ya Lekgotla le atolositsweng—e ileng ya fetisetswa ho Molao wa Lekgotla le Phahameng (Supreme Court Act) wa 1959—e ile ya sebediswa hang feela nakong ya boipiletso bo tswang Bophuthatswana, moo baahlodi ba 11 ba ileng ba dula. Tabeng e nngwe, ka mora ho fihla ha demokrasi, baahlodi ba 9 ba ile ba dula. Sebopeho sa dihlopha tsena se fapana ho latela nyewe ka nngwe. Moahlodi e moholo ka ho fetisisa sehlopheng ka seng ke yena ya etellang pele nyeweng eo. Ho ka ba le diqeto tse fetang e le nngwe nyeweng, haeba ho na le phapang ya maikutlo hara baahlodi. Qeto ya boholo ba baahlodi ke yona e nkwang e le qeto ya Lekgotla.
Baahlodi le babuelli baa para diaparotsa molao ka lekgotleng
Dinako tsa tshebetso tsa SCA
Dinako tsa Lekgotla di behilwe ka hare ho Melao ya Lekgotla mme di eme tjena:
15 Hlakola - 31 Tlhakubele
1 Motsheanong - 31 Motsheanong
15 Phato - 30 Loetse
1 Pudungwana - 30 Pudungwana
Boipiletso ditabeng tsa Setjhaba
Ha ho na tokelo ya ho ipiletsa ho SCA. Ho hlokahala tumello ya ho ipiletsa, e tswang ho Lekgotla le Phahameng kapa, haeba e hanelwa, e ka ntshwa ke SCA ka mora hore ho etswe kopo ho yona. Ha Lekgotla le Phahameng, le sebetsa e le lekgotla la pele la nyewe, le fana ka tumello ya ho ipiletsa ha le kgodisehile hore nyewe eo e hloka tlhokomelo ya SCA, le tlameha ho laela hore nyewe eo e utluwe ke SCA; ho seng jwalo, le tlameha ho laela hore e utluwe ke lekgotla le felletseng. Taelo e jwalo e ka hlakolwa ke SCA. Ha boipiletso bo lebiswa qetong eo Lekgotla le Phahameng le e entseng ha le ne le ntse le sebetsana le boipiletso bo bong, ho hlokahala tumello e kgethehileng e tswang ho SCA. Sena se sebetsa maemong a ho ipiletsa ho lekgotla le felletseng kgahlanong le qeto ya moahlodi ya le mong Lekgotleng le Phahameng, hammoho le maemong a boipiletso bo tswang Makgotleng a Bomagistrata.
Boipiletso ditabeng tsa botlokotsebe
SCA ke lekgotla la boipiletso bakeng sa dinyewe tsa botlokotsebe tse tswang Lekgotleng le Phahameng. Ha ho na tokelo e iketsahallang ya ho ipiletsa; ho hlokahala tumello e tswang lekgotleng le ileng la utlwa nyewe qalong, kapa haeba seo se sa kgonehe, tumello e ka kopuwa ho SCA. Boipiletso bo lebiswa ho SCA, ntle le maemong ao lekgotla le fanang ka tumello ya boipiletso le fumanang hore nyewe eo ha e hloke ho hlahlojwa ke SCA. Maemong a jwalo, lekgotla leo le laela hore nyewe e utluwe ke lekgotla le felletseng. Taelo e jwalo e ka hlakolwa ke SCA. Boipiletso bo eketsehileng bo dumellwa feela haeba ho fanwe ka tumello e kgethehileng ke SCA. Molaodi wa Naha wa Botjhotjhisi ba Setjhaba a ka ipiletsa ho SCA kgahlanong le kahlolo e fanweng ke Lekgotla le Phahameng kgahlanong le moqosuwa, empa sena se hloka tumello ho latela molao o amehang. Dinyewe tse ding di ka iswa ho SCA ka tokelo. Tsena di kenyelletsa dipotso tsa molao tse boloketsweng ho rarollwa mabapi le dinyewe tsa botlokotsebe tse utluweng ke Lekgotla le Phahameng, hammoho le ditlaleho tse kgethehileng tsa ho se latelwe ha mekgwa e nepahetseng kapa ho se be molaong ha tshebetso ya nyewe, tse kenngwang ka kopo ya moqosuwa ditokomaneng tsa nyewe.
Ho fetisetswa ke Letona
Haeba Letona la Toka le Ntshetsopele ya Molaotheo le na le pelaelo mabapi le ho nepahala ha qeto e entsweng ke Lekgotla le Phahameng nyeweng ya botlokotsebe e amang taba ya molao, kapa haeba qeto e entsweng ke Lekala le itseng la Lekgotla le Phahameng nyeweng ya botlokotsebe e fapana le qeto e entsweng ke Lekala le leng la Lekgotla le Phahameng, Letona le ka fetisetsa qeto eo kapa diqeto tseo tse hanyetsanang, ho SCA, mme la etsa hore taba eo e hlahlojwe le ho phehisanwa ka yona ka pela lekgotla leo e le hore le ka rarolla taba eo. Haeba ho na le diqeto tse hanyetsanang mabapi le ditaba tsa setjhaba (civil matters) dipakeng tsa Makala a fapaneng a Lekgotla le Phahameng, Letona la Toka le Ntshetsopele ya Molaotheo le ka fetisetsa taba eo ho Moahlodi e Moholo, ya tlamehang ho etsa hore taba eo e hlahlojwe le ho phehisanwa ka yona ka pela Lekgotla la Molaotheo kapa Lekgotla le Hodimo la Boipiletso (SCA) e le hore e ka rarollwa.
Ho kgethwa ha baahlodi
Baahlodi ba SCA ba kgethwa ke Mopresidente wa Rephaboliki ka keletso ya Khomishene ya Tshebeletso ya Boahlodi. Mopresidente le Motlatsi wa Mopresidente wa SCA ba kgethwa ke Mopresidente ka mora ho buisana le Khomishene ya Tshebeletso ya Boahlodi. Mang kapa mang ya tshwanelehang ka ho loketseng mme e le motho ya loketseng a ka kgethwa e le moahlodi. Ka tlwaelo baahlodi ba Lekgotla ba ne ba ka kgethwa feela ho tswa maemong a baahlodi ba Lekgotla le Phahameng mme ho na le maemo a mabedi feela ka 1929 le 1932 a tumellano ena a hlokomolohuwang. Tlhokahalo ya hore boahlodi bo bontshe ka bophara sebopeho sa morabe le bong di lokela ho nahanelwa ha bahlanka ba boahlodi ba kgethwa.
Mokgwatshebetso ka pela Lekgotla
Lekgotla le etsa diqeto dinyeweng ho latela ditlaleho tsa ditshebetso tse etsahetseng lekgotleng leo boipiletso bo tswang ho lona, mme sena se etsahala ka mora ho hlahloba dikgang tse hlahisitsweng ka mongolo le ka molomo. Dipaki ha di hlahe ka pela lekgotla, mme ha ho hlokahale hore mekga e amehang e be teng nakong ya ho mamelwa ha boipiletso. Hangata qeto e ngotsweng e ntshwa nakwana ka mora hore dikgang di hlahiswe.
Lekgotla le mamela boipiletso bo thehilweng dintlheng tsa nnete, mme kaha ha ho na nyewe tse ahlolwang ke sehlopha sa baahi, le na le tokoloho e batsi ya ho etsa diqeto tsa lona mabapi le dintlha tsa nnete. Ka lebaka la matla ana a ho ahlola, baahlodi ba tlameha ho bala ditokomane tse felletseng tsa dinyewe tse ileng tsa tshwarwa makgotleng a tlase. Hangata, moahlodi ka mong o abelwa dinyewe tse nang le bopaki le ditokomane tse ka bang maqephe a 30 000 ka selemo. Ho feta moo, moahlodi ka mong o boetse o fuwa dikopo tsa tumello ya ho ipiletsa—tse bitswang dithapedi ka lebaka la meetlo ya kgale.
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Leqephe le ntlafaditswe: Hlakola 2023
NALANE YA BOITSHETLEHO
Sebaka sa taolo sa lekgotla
Lekgotla lena ke lona le nkileng sebaka sa Lekgotla la Boipiletso (Appellate Division - AD), mme qalong le thehilwe ka 1910 e le lekgotla la ho qetela la boipiletso Afrika Borwa, nakong ya ha ho thehwa Kopano ya Afrika Borwa. Ha ho thehwa Lekgotla la Molaotheo le ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha karolo ya 166 ya Molaotheo wa 1996, lebitso la Lekgotla lena le ile la fetolwa ho ba Lekgotla le Phahameng la Boipiletso. Qalong, hlooho ya lekgotla lena e ne e le Moahlodi e Moholo, empa boemo boo bo ile ba fetoha ka 2001 ha hlooho ya Lekgotla la Molaotheo e ba yona Moahlodi e Moholo. Hlooho ya Lekgotla le Phahameng la Boipiletso jwale e bitswa Mopresidente wa SCA.
Pakeng tsa 1994 le 2013, Lekgotla la Molaotheo le SCA e ne e le makgotla a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a nang le meedi e fapaneng ya matla a ho ahlola; Lekgotla la Molaotheo le sebetsana le ditaba tse amanang le Molaotheo, ha SCA e sebetsana le ditaba tse ding tsohle. Leha ho le jwalo, ho tloha ka Phato 2013, matla a Lekgotla la Molaotheo a ile a atoloswa ho akaretsa ditaba tsa bohlokwa ho setjhaba ka kakaretso, ho phaella ditabeng tsa Molaotheo, e leng se etsang hore e be lona lekgotla le phahameng ka ho fetisisa ditabeng tsohle. SCA e na le matla a ho ahlola boipiletso ditabeng tse akaretsang ntle le ditaba tse itseng tse amanang le tsa basebetsi le tsa tlhodisano ka hona ke lona lekgotla la bobedi ka boemo bo phahameng Afrika Borwa. Dibakeng tse ngata, diqeto tsa lona di theha molao o tiileng wa Afrika Borwa.
SCA ha e na matla a ho qala nyewe, empa e sebetsa feela e le lekgotla la boipiletso. Mopresidente wa SCA o thuswa ke Motlatsi wa Mopresidente, mme hajwale ho na le maemo a 23 a moshwelella a baahlodi Lekgotleng leo, ho sa balwe Mopresidente le Motlatsi wa Mopresidente.
Mokgwatshebetso wa ditaba tsa molao
Molao o tlwaelehileng le melawana
Molao wa Afrika Borwa ke ‘tsamaiso ya molao e kopantsweng’, e leng motswako wa ditsamaiso tse fapaneng tsa molao; o simolohile ditsamaisong tsa molao wa setjhaba wa Yuropa hammoho le molao o thehilweng moetlong wa Engelane. Motheo wa molao ona oo ha jwale o bitswang ka nepo e kgolwanyane e le molao o thehilweng moetlong wa Afrika Borwa, ke molao wa Roma-Dutch; o na le metso molaong wa baRoma, mme ha morao wa ntlafatswa le ho sebediswa Holland le diprovenseng tse ding tsa Dutch nakong ya dilemo tsa bo-17 le bo-18. Meetlo le yona e bile le karolo ya yona. E ne e le tsamaiso ena ya molao e neng e sebetsa Holland, mme ya tliswa Afrika Borwa moo e ileng ya qala ho sebediswa ka mora hore baphaphathehi ba Dutch ba fihle Kapa ka selemo sa 1652.
Nakong eo Borithane e neng ba laola Kapa, ho tloha ka 1795 ho isa ho 1803, hape le ka mora 1806, molao wa Roman-Dutch o ile wa bolokwa e le molao o akaretsang wa naha. Sena se ile sa bonahala ho Charter of Justice ya 1828 le Charter of Justice ya bobedi ya 1832. Le ha ho le jwalo, Senyesemane se ile sa fetoha puo e sebediswang makgotleng ka 1827, mme ha hlahiswa mekgwa ya boahlodi ya Senyesemane hammoho le melao ya Senyesemane e laolang bopaki ebang ke dinyeweng tsa botlokotsebe kapa tsa ditaba tsa setjhaba. Tshusumetso ya molao wa Senyesemane ebang ke o amanang le ditaba tsa batho ka bomong kapa tsa setjhaba e ile ya bonahala kapele; sena se bakilwe ke hore babuelli ba molao le baahlodi ba ne ba kwetliseditswe Engelane, hape le ka lebaka la hore mehlodi ya molao oo e ne e le bonolo ho e fumana ho feta mehlodi ya kgale ya Roma-Dutch, e neng e ngotswe ka Selatine le SeDutch sa kgale. Ka dinako tse ding, baahlodi ba SCA ba tlameha ho hlahloba mehlodi ena ya kgale ho batla tshimoloho le bophara ba melao kapa dikgopolo tsa molao tse seng di sa hlaka hantle. Ka lehlohonolo, laeborari ya SCA e na le pokello e kgolo ya mehlodi ena ya kgale, empa ha se yohle e ka sebediswang ke babuelli ba molao ba mehleng ena, kaha boholo ba bona ha ba a ithuta, kapa ha ba kgone ho bala, puo ya Selatine kapa SeDutch.
Metheo ya molao o tlwaelehileng wa Afrika Borwa e fumanwa metheong ya molao wa Roman-Dutch jwalokaha o fetotswe le ho hlaloswa ke mohlala wa boahlodi. Diqeto tsa SCA di tlama makgotla ohle a tlase, mme, ka lehlakoreng le leng, SCA e tlangwa ke diqeto tsa Lekgotla la Molaotheo. Ho phaella moo, SCA e inka e tlangwa ke diqeto tsa yona ntle le haeba e kgodisehile hore qeto ya pejana ntlheng e amehang e fosahetse ka ho hlaka. Kahoo diqeto tsa boahlodi ke mohlodi wa molao. Karolo ya ho ntshetsapele molao o tlwaelehileng e ananelwa ka ho hlaka Molaotheong, jwalo ka tlamo ya ho phethahatsa moya, sepheo le maikemisetso a Bili ya Ditokelo.
Molao o tlwaelehileng o fetotswe haholo ke kemo ya molao. Molao wa Afrika Borwa, jwalo ka naha efe kapa efe e nngwe ya molao o tlwaelehileng, o eketsa kapa o fetola molao o tlwaelehileng mme ke mohlodi o ka sehloohong wa tshebetso ya taolo ya mmuso. Hape o bohlokwa haholo sebakeng sa molao wa botlokotsebe. Dinyewe tse ngata tse ka pela Lekgotla jwale di amana le tlhaloso le tshebediso ya melao.
Ka lebaka la lefa le ikgethang la molao wa Afrika Borwa, le tlhoko ya molao wa motheo ya ho nahana ka molao o bapiswang, molao wa kantle ho naha o atisa ho buisanwa, eseng jwalo ka matla a susumetsang empa jwalo ka matla a susumetsang.
Molao wa motheo o akaretsang ke ona, oo molao oohle o lokelang ho lekanyetswa kgahlanong le wona bakeng sa ho tsitsa, mme o nang le tshusumetso e matla hodima ntshetsopele ya molao.
Molao wa tsa setso
Molao wa setso ke karolo ya bohlokwa ya molao wa Afrika Borwa, mme jwalo ka melao e meng kaofela, o tlameha ho latela Molaotheo hammoho le melaewana le ditekanyetso tse behilweng ke wona. Sena se bolela ditsamaiso tsa molao tse hlahileng ditjhabeng tse fapaneng e le karolo ya setso le meetlo ya tsona, tse amanang le sebopeho le puso ya ditjhaba tseo, hammoho le dikamano pakeng tsa batho ka hare ho ditjhaba tseo. O na le bohlokwa bo kgethehileng ditabeng tse amanang le lelapa, dikamano tsa boitlamo ba lenyalo le dimpho tse fanwang pele ho lenyalo, lenyalo la setso, boemo ba bana, tlhokomelo ya bana le boikarabelo ba ho ba hlokomela, lefa, ditaba tsa mobu, le tsamaiso ya ditaba tsa setjhaba. Sena se kenyeletsa le ditaba tse amanang le boetapele ba setso, hammoho le ho kgethwa ha marena le baetapele ba setso.
Molao wa matjhaba
Tumellano efe kapa efe ya matjhaba e fetoha molao ka hare ho Rephaboliki ha e fetolwa molao ka mokgwa wa molao wa naha. Molao wa matjhaba o thehilweng moetlong ke molao ka hare ho Rephaboliki, ntle le haeba o hanyetsana le Molaotheo kapa Ketso ya Palamente. Ha ho tolokwa molao ofe kapa ofe, lekgotla le leng le le leng le tlameha ho kgetha tlhaloso e utlwahalang e dumellanang le molao wa matjhaba, ho na le tlhaloso e nngwe e hanyetsanang le molao wa matjhaba.
Nalane ya dilemo tse lekgolo
1910-1948
Pele ho ho thehwa ha Kopano ya Afrika Borwa ka 1910, boipiletso bo tswang makgotleng a phahameng a dikolone tsa Kapa, Transvaal (e ileng ya fetoha kolone ka 1902) le Natal, bo ne bo lebiswa ka kotloloho ho Privy Council. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, diqeto tsa makgotla a phahameng a Kapa Botjhabela le Griqualand West di ne di tlameha ho qala ka ho iswa Lekgotleng le Phahameng la Kapa, ha diqeto tse tswang Koloneng ya Orange River (lebitso leo Foreisetata e neng e le tlasa lona ha e fetoha kolone) di ne di tlameha ho iswa Lekgotleng le Phahameng la Transvaal, pele ho ka etswa boipiletso bo eketsehileng ho Privy Council. Tlhokahalo ya lekgotla la boipiletso le ka utlwang ditletlebo tse tswang makgotleng a fapaneng a Afrika Borwa le moo ho neng ho tla ba le monyetla o fokolang wa ho ya ho Privy Council e ile ya hlokomeleha esale ka 1905, ha kopano ya babuelli-kakaretso ba mmuso e neng e tshwaretswe Bloemfontein e sisinya hore ho thehwe lekgotla la Afrika Borwa. Nakong ya kopano ya National Convention ka Pudungwana 1908, e neng e tshwaretswe Motsekapa, ho ile ha tshohlwa taba ya ho theha lekgotla le phahameng. Kopano eo e ile ya amohela tlhahiso e entsweng ke Sir James Rose Innes le Sir William Solomon ya hore ho thehwe Lekgotla le nang le Moahlodi e Moholo, baahlodi ba babedi ba boipiletso ba moshwelella, hammoho le baahlodi ba babedi ba boipiletso ba (nakwana) ba neng ba boetse e tlo ba ditho tsa e nngwe ya dikarolo tsa provense. Sebopeho sena se ile sa kenyeletswa ho Molao wa Kopano ya Afrika Borwa wa 1909, oo ka wona Kopano e ileng ya thehwa.
Molao oo o ne o beha hore Lekgotla la Boipiletso (Appellate Division - AD) e be lona lekgotla la ho qetela la boipiletso Afrika Borwa. Leha ho le jwalo, sena se ne se tsamaya le tokisetso e bolokang tokelo ya hore boteng ba AD bo se ke ba fokotsa matla a Komiti ya Boahlodi ya Privy Council a ho mamela boipiletso bo tswang ho lona, haeba Komiti eo e fane ka tumello e kgethehileng. Ka mantswe a mang, AD e ne e le lekgotla la boipiletso la bohareng, ho fihlela ha ho fediswa boipiletso bo yang ho Privy Council ka Molao wa Boipiletso ho Privy Council 16 wa 1950). Empa sena e ne e le taba ya kgopolo feela, kaha ho ne ho sa fumanehe habonolo tumello e kgethehileng e hlokahalang. Ditlaleho, leha di sa phethahala, di bontsha dinyewe tse leshome feela moo ho ileng ha etswa boipiletso kgahlanong le diqeto tsa Lekgotla la Boipiletso. Tse tharo tsa tsona di ne di tswa Southern Rhodesia (eo hona jwale e leng karolo ya Zimbabwe), nakong eo boipiletso bo tswang lekgotleng la kolone eo bo neng bo ka lebiswa ho AD; mme ho tsona tsohle, ke tse pedi feela tse ileng tsa atleha. Kahoo, ha e le hantle, Lekgotla la Boipiletso e ne e le lona lekgotla la ho qetela la boipiletso Afrika Borwa, mme boemo boo bo ile ba tiiswa ka 1950 ha ho fediswa boipiletso bo yang ho Privy Council.
Ho tloha nakong ya Kopano ka 1910 ho fihlela ka 1955, AD e ne e le lekgotla le phahameng ka ho fetisisa la boipiletso—bakeng sa ditaba tse itseng bonyane—bakeng sa naha eo mehleng e neng e bitswa Southern Rhodesia (eo hona jwale e leng karolo ya Zimbabwe). E ne e boetse e sebetsa ka tsela e tshwanang bakeng sa Africa e Bvorwa Bophirima ho tloha ka 1918 ho fihlela ka 1990, ha naha eo e fumana boipuso e le Namibia. E ile ya lahlehelwa ke matla a ho laola dibakeng tse ding tsa Afrika Borwa ka nakwana, ha dinaha tse bitswang TVBC (Transkei, Venda, Bophuthatswana le Ciskei) di theha makgotla a tsona a ho qetela a boipiletso. Ha naha e kopanngwa hape ka 1994, boemo ba yona ba ho ba lekgotla le ka sehloohong la boipiletso bakeng sa dibaka tseo bo ile ba kgutliswa.
Moahlodi e Moholo wa pele e ne e le Sir Henry de Villiers, ya neng a se a ntse a le Moahlodi e Moholo wa Kapa ho tloha ka 1873, mme a etella pele dipuisano Sebokeng sa Setjhaba ka 1908, tse ileng tsa lebisa tumellanong ya ho theha Kopano. Ha a kgethwa e le Moahlodi e Moholo, o ile a fuwa boemo ba borena ka ho fuwa sehlooho sa baronet, mme a fetoha Lord De Villers wa Wynberg. Baahlodi ba tlwaelehileng ba boipiletso e ne e le Sir James Rose Innes, eo pele e neng e le Moahlodi e Moholo wa Transvaal, le Sir William Solomon, le yena ya tswang lekgotleng la Transvaal. Baahlodi ba eketsehileng ba boipiletso e ne e le baahlodi ba sa tswa kgethwa ho ba Baahlodi ba ka Sehloohong ba Dikarolo tsa Provense tsa Kapa le Transvaal, e leng Christian George Maasdorp le Jacob Abraham Jeremy (Jaap) de Villiers. Ha Lord de Villiers a hlokahala ka 1914, Sir James Rose Innes o ile a phahamisetswa boemong ba Moahlodi e Moholo, mme C G Maasdorp a fetoha moahlodi ya tlwaelehileng wa boipiletso. Sir Henry Juta, Moahlodi ya ka Sehloohong wa Kapa (eo e neng e le mora wa ba thehileng khamphani e tsebahalang ya kgatiso ya dibuka tsa thuto le tsa molao, hape e le setloholo sa Karl Marx ka lehlakoreng la mmae), o ile a kgethwa e le moahlodi ya eketsehileng wa boipiletso. Lord de Villiers e ne e le yena feela moahlodi wa Afrika Borwa ya kileng a dula boipiletsong ba Privy Council. Leha ba bang ba mo hlahlamileng boemong ba Moahlodi e Moholo ba ile ba kgethwa ho ba ditho tsa Privy Council, ha ba a ka ba bitsetswa ho sebeletsa Komiti ya Boahlodi ya Privy Council.
Mabapi le dinyewe tse tswang lekgotleng le nang le baahlodi ba babedi kapa ho feta, ditho tsohle tse hlano tsa lekgotla di ne di tlameha ho ba teng, ha dinyeweng tse ding ho ne ho hlokahala palo e tlase e dumelletsweng ya baahlodi ba bararo. Molao wa Lekgotla la Boipiletso 12 wa 1920 o ile wa eketsa palo ya baahlodi ba boipiletso (ba tlwaelehileng) ho tloha ho ba babedi ho ya ho ba bane, mme maemo a baahlodi ba boipiletso ba tlatsetso a fediswa. Baahlodi ba boipiletso ba tlatsetso ba babedi ba neng ba le teng ka nako eo, e leng Jacob de Villiers le Sir Henry Juta, ba ile ba fetoha baahlodi ba boipiletso ba nako e tletseng. Ka 1922, ha C G Maasdorp a tlohela mosebetsi, sebaka sa hae se ile sa nkuwa ke Sir John Kotzé, mme selemong se latelang, ha Sir Henry Juta a tlohela mosebetsi, Sir John Wessels o ile a kena lekgotleng. Ditho tsa Lekgotla ka nako eo, e leng Innes CJ, Solomon, J de Villiers, Kotzé le Wessels JJA, di ile tsa hlaloswa e le ‘ditsebi tse hlano tse tshwanelehang ka ho fetisisa molaong wa Roma-Dutch Afrika Borwa’ nakong eo.
Molao wa Afrika Borwa wa 1909 o ile wa beha hore setsi sa Lekgotla e be Bloemfontein, empa wa fana ka monyetla wa hore, molemong wa ‘bonolo ba baqosi’, dinyewe di ka mamelwa dibakeng tse ding ka hare ho Kopano. Lord De Villiers o ile a bontsha ka ho hlaka hore ha a thabele kgetho ya Bloemfontein e le motsemoholo wa tsa boahlodi, mme Sir James Rose Innes le yena o ne a nka hore sena ha se ntho e ntle, ka mabaka a mabedi. La pele, ho ne ho etsa hore ho be thata ho fumana basebetsi ba Lekgotla, mme la bobedi, ho ne ho eketsa ditshenyehelo tsa ho qosa kapa ho qoswa.
Ka 1910, Lekgotla la Boipiletso le ile la etela ditoropokgolo tsa diprovense, le ntse le mamela boipiletso Bloemfontein, Pretoria le Pietermaritzburg, empa haholoholo le ne le dula Motsekapa. Ka 1911, Lekgotla le ile la dula habedi nakong ya dinako tse kgutshwanyane Bloemfontein, empa ka dinako tse ding le ne le dula Motsekapa. Sena se ile sa etsahala hape ka 1912. Baahi ba Foreisetata ba ile ba halefa haholo, mme sena sa lebisa ho kenyelletsweng ha temana ho Molao wa Tsamaiso ya Toka wa 27 wa 1912. Molao ona o ilei wa laela hore dikopo tsa ho fetola sebaka sa ho mamela boipiletso di lokela ho hlahlojwa feela Bloemfontein, mme ho mamela boipiletso sebakeng se seng ntle le Bloemfontein ho ne ho ke ke ha nkwa e le ntho e etsetswang ho nolofaletsa mahlakore a amehang, ntle le haeba ho na le maemo a ikgethang haholo. Molao ona o ile wa hlaloswa ka tsela e tiileng haholo. Le hoja ho ile ha eketswa tokisetso e reng, ha feela Lord De Villiers e ntse e le Moahlodi e Moholo, dikopo tsa ho fetola sebaka sa nyewe di ka hlahlojwa kae kapa kae ka hara Union, empa ka 1913 le 1914, pele a hlokahala, o ile a dula a mamela boipiletso bo mmalwa Bloemfontein.
Dikopo tse fokolang haholo tsa hore lekgotla le dule sebakeng se seng di ile tsa amohelwa pakeng tsa 1912 le 1933. Lebaka le tlwaelehileng la ho amohela dikopo tse jwalo e ne e le hore dinyewe di ne di ke ke tsa utluwa nakong e hlophisitsweng ya ho sebetsa ha lekgotla, kapa hore di ne di amana le dikahlolo tsa lefu. Ho ile ha hlaha ngangisano ka 1933 ha baahlodi ba dumella hore boipiletso bo tswang sebakeng seo ka nako eo se neng se bitswa Southern Rhodesia bo utluwe Motsekapa. Ho ne ho lebelletswe hore boipiletso bona bo tla nka nako e telele mme bo hloka ho utluwa ka nako eo lekgotla le sa sebetseng ka yona. Ntle le mathata a amanang le ditokisetso, moipiletsi o ile a pheha kgang ya hore Graham Mackeurtan KC, e leng ramolao ya ka sehloohong, ya neng a sa phele hantle, a ke ke a kgona ho mamella ‘dikgwedi tse tjhesang tsa lehlabula tsa Tshitwe, Pherekgong le Hlakola’. Kahlolong e ileng ya amohela kopo ena, dikgwedi tsena di ile tsa hlaloswa e le ‘dikgwedi tse tjhesang haholo le tse thata ka ho fetisisa selemong’, hape e le ‘nako eo baahi ba tlwaetseng maemo ana ba bonang ho hlokahala—haeba maemo a bona a ba dumella—hore ba batle phomolo lebopong la lewatle’. Ho ile ha boela ha hlokomelwa hore Lekala la Provense la Orange Foreisetata le ne le hlophisitse dinako tsa lona tsa ho sebetsa ka tsela e qobang ho dula nakong ya dikgwedi tseo boemo ba lehodimo bo leng ‘bo thata’ ho bo mamella.
Baahi ba Foreisetata ba ne ba motlotlo haholo ka boemo ba Bloemfontein e le motsemoholo wa tsa boahlodi, mme ba ne ba hanyetsa ka matla qeto efe kapa efe e neng e ka tlosa dinako tsa ho tshwarwa ha dinyewe motseng oo. Qeto ya ho mamela nyewe eo Motsekapa e ile ya nyatswa ka matla ke Lekgotla la Motse, Mokgatlo wa Kgwebo wa sebaka seo, hammoho le Mokgatlo wa Babuelli ba Molao wa moo. Koranta ya letsatsi le letsatsi e hatisetswang Bloemfontein, e bitswang The Friend, e ile ya hatisa lengolo le se nang lebitso la mongodi leha e le hore ha e le hantle le ne le ngotswe ke Mopresidente wa Baahlodi wa Foreisetata ka nako eo, Fritz Krause. Lengolo leo le ne le kenyelletsa mantswe a latelang: ‘Jwaloka moahi wa kgale wa Bloemfontein, ke batla ho hlahisa boipelaetso ba ka hammoho le ba baahimmoho le nna ba bangata kgahlanong le qeto e sa tlwaelehang le e se nang kelello ya Lekgotla la Boipiletsa ya ho fetisetsa sebaka sa nyewe Motsekapa, ka lebaka la maemo a lehodimo a bolelwang hore a teng mona nakong ya dikgwedi tsa lehlabula. Haeba ho na le baahlodi ba sa rateng ho dula kapa ho qeta nako mona, ba ka fana ka mangolo a bona a ho itokolla mosebetsing. Ho ntse ho na le ditlhapi tse ngata tse ntle lewatleng jwaloka tse ntshitsweng ho lona… Mabaka a amanang le bophelo bo botle ao lekgotla le itshetlehileng ka ona, ka maikutlo a ka, a fokola haholo—a tshwana le lesira le lesesaane haholo le bonahalang ka hara kganya.’ T W Mackenzie, mohlophisi wa The Friend, o ile a bitsetswa ka pela Lekgotla ho tla fana ka mabaka a hore na ke hobaneng ha a sa lokela ho ahlolwa ka lebaka la ho nyenyefatsa lekgotla ka ho hatisa lengolo leo. Mackenzie o ile a laelwa hore a hatise kopo ya tshwarelo e dumellanweng, a be a lefe tefiso ya tjhelete e ka bang diponto tse mashome a mahlano. Empa ho tloha ka nako eo, ke dinyewe tse fokolang haholo tse ileng tsa mamelwa ka ntle ho Bloemfontein.
Boholo ba lekgotla bo ile ba dula bo sa fetoha ho fihlela ka 1948, ha ho fetiswa molao o fang Mmusisi-Kakaretso matla a ho kgetha baahlodi ba boipiletso ba bangata kamoo ho nkwang ho hlokahala kateng. Palo eo e ile ya eketswa ho ba baahlodi ba tsheletseng, e le hore Lekgotla le kgone ho sebetsana le keketseho ya mosebetsi e neng e lebelletswe ka mora ho atoloswa ha matla a lona mabapi le boipiletso ba dinyewe tsa botlokotsebe; kaha jwale le ne le dumelletswe ho mamela boipiletso bo thehilweng dintlheng tsa nnete, eseng feela dintlheng tsa molao. Ka nako ena, sebopeho sa lekgotla se ne se fetohile haholo. EF (Billy) Watermeyer e ne e le Moahlodi e Moholo, a sebetsa hammoho le baahlodi ba boipiletso (JJA) Centlivres, Tindall, Schreiner le Greenberg. FP ‘Toon’ van den Heever, setsebi sa molao wa Roma-Dutch le seroki se hlahelletseng sa puo ya Afrikaans, o ile a kgethwa ho nka sebaka se setjha lekgotleng leo. Dilemo tse mashome a mane a metso e meraro hamorao, moradi wa hae, Leo van den Heever, e ile ya eba mosadi wa pele ho kgethwa ho ba setho sa Lekgotla leo. Tabeng e nngwe feela moo ngwana a ileng a latela motswadi wa hae lekgotleng lena, G G (Gus) Hoexter o ile a kgethwa ho ba setho sa Lekgotla la Boipiletso (AD) ka 1982. Ntate wa hae, O H (Oscar) Hoexter, o ne a kgethilwe ka 1949 ho nka sebaka sa Tindall. Rumpff, ya neng a le Moahlodi e Moholo, e ne e le ntatemoholo wa Moahlodi wa Boipiletso (JA) Harms.
Baahlodi ba mashome a mabedi ba sebeditse Lekgotleng nakong ya 1910 - 1948. Ba bangata ba bona e ne e le baahlodi ba maemo a hodimo ba ngotseng dikahlolo tse hlakisang molao, tse ileng tsa susumetsa ntshetsopele ya wona mme di ntse di qotswa le kajeno. Ba bile le tshusumetso e kgolo hodima melao ya motheo ya tsamaiso ya molao ya Afrika Borwa, ha ho letho le fetang Sir James Rose Innes, ya nkuwang haholo e le e mong wa baahlodi ba baholo, haeba e se ba baholo, ba kileng ba hlahiswa ke naha ena. Ka tsela e sa tlwaelehang naheng ena, kamora ho tlohela mosebetsi o ile a kgutlela bophelong ba setjhaba e le ho etsa letsholo kgahlanong le boiteko ba mmuso wa Hertzog ba ho tlosa ditokelo tsa nalane tsa kgwebisano tse thabelwang ke Batho ba Batsho Provenseng ya Kapa. Puong ya hae ya bohlale o itse:
‘Ka nako e kgutshwanyane haholo, re tla tlameha ho sebetsana le sehlopha se seholo sa batho ba batsho, bao thuto e ba thusitseng ho utlwisisa bohlokwa ba boemo ba dipolotiki boo ba hanetsweng ho ba le bona, mme e matlafaditse boikemisetso ba bona ba ho bo fumana. Ba tla ba le bohloko ka lebaka la mathata a amanang le moruo hammoho le tsamaiso ya naha mathata ao ho ke keng ha qojwa hore a bokane ha karolo e nngwe ya setjhaba e amohuwa ditokelo tsa ho vouta tseo baahimmoho le bona ba di thabelang.
Na ehlile ho nahanwa ka ho hatella ditakatso tsena, le ho laola bongata bona bo utlwisitsweng bohloko le bo halefileng ka matla a qobello? Hobane – re se ke ra etsa phoso – qetellong ho tla fihla moo. Sena ha se feela ho hana tokoloho; ke taba ya ho amoha tokoloho e neng e natefelwa ka nako e telele. Mokgwa oo, leha o ka kwahelwa ka tsela efe kapa efe, ke ketso ya ho hapa ka dikgoka – e itshetlehileng ka matla a qobello; empa matla a qobello ha a rarolle mathata a batho. Motho a ka nahana hore Afrika Borwa ha ho hlokahale hore nnete ena e hatiswe haholo. Empa leha ho le jwalo, ha re sebetsana le bothata bona, re atisa ho lebala hore moya wa batho o ke ke wa bolawa; le hore moya wa motho o ke ke wa inehela feela habonolo ha o amohuwa ditokelo tseo a di nkang e le tsa bohlokwa haholo, ebang ke bophelong ba nama kapa ba moya. …
Afrika Borwa e eme mateanong a ditsela. E ka nka tsela ya kgatello e bonolo qalong kaha e theoha, empa e lebisa mohohlong o tebileng; e seng mehleng ya rona, empa e tla ba mehleng ya ditloholo tsa rona, bao e leng mosebetsi wa rona o halalelang ho sireletsa dithahasello tsa bona.’
Moahlodi e mong ya ileng a kgutlela bophelong ba setjhaba e ne e le Tielman Roos, ya neng a kgethilwe ho ba setho sa AD, ka ho toba ho tloha Palamenteng, moo e neng e le Letona la Toka ho tloha ka 1924 ho isa ho 1929. O ile a itokolla Lekgotleng ho qala botjha mosebetsi wa hae wa dipolotiki le letsholo - qetellong ka katleho - hore Afrika Borwa e tlohele maemo a kgauta. Empa ditshepo tsa hae tsa ho ba Tonakgolo ha di a ka tsa fihlellwa mme a hlokahala dilemo tse tharo hamorao a ntse a tswela pele ka mosebetsi wa hae ho Bar. Beyers JA o tlile lekgotleng a tswa bophelong ba setjhaba ha Jacob de Villiers CJ a hlokahala. O ne a se a ntse a le mafolofolo ho Bar ka dilemo tse mmalwa mme e ne e le Letona la Merafo pele a tlohela mosebetsi ka mabaka a bophelo bo botle. Ho bonahala ho ne ho na le kganyetso ho kgethweng ha hae ke baahlodi ba dulang. E ne e le moahlodi wa pele wa ho ngola dikahlolo ka Seafrikanse. Jwalo ka Roos o ile a kgutlela dipolotiking kamora ho tlohela mosebetsi e le mokgethwa wa Mokga wa Malan wa Herenigde Nasionale, e leng taba e etsang hore kahlolo ya hae e be le thahasello ho Wilken v Brebner 1935 AD 175.
1948-1994
Ho eketswa ha palo ya ditho tsa Lekgotla ka 1948 ho ile ha tsamaisana le ho kgethwa ha mmuso wa National Party hammoho le ho kengwa tshebetsong ha leano la kgethollo ya morabe. Nakwana ka mora moo, ho ile ha hlaha bothata bo tebileng ba Molaotheo, moo Lekgotla le ileng la thulana le mmuso o neng o le pusong. Boemo bona bo ile ba bakwa ke tlhahiso ya molao o neng o ikemiseditse ho tlosa bakgethi ba bitswang ba mmala mananeong a tlwaelehileng a batho ba nang le tokelo ya ho vouta Provenseng ya Kapa.
Ka 1952, Lekgotla le ile la tobana le teko e kgolo ha ho ne ho qholotswa bonnete ba Molao wa Boemedi bo Arohaneng ba Bakgethi. Molao ona o ne o entswe ka morero wa ho tlosa bakgethi ba mmala Provenseng ya Kapa lethathameng le tlwaelehileng la bakgethi. Nyeweng ya Harris v Minister of the Interior (1), Lekgotla le ile la theha pono ya hore leha Palamente e na le matla a phahameng ka ho fetisisa, sena ha se bolele hore e na le tokoloho ya ho sebedisa mokgwa ofe kapa ofe ha e theha molao o motjha. Ditokelo tsa bakgethi ba mmala di ne di sireleditswe ka matla ke Molao wa Afrika Borwa, mme e le hore Palamente e ka tlosa tokelo ena, molao o ne o lokela ho amohelwa ke bongata ba pedi-tharong ho tswa matlong ka bobedi a Palamente, kopanong e kopaneng. National Party e ne e sitwa ho fumana bongata bo jwalo, mme mokgwa ona ha o a ka wa latelwa ha ho ne ho thehwa Molao ona wa Bakgethi. Ka lebaka leo, molao oo o ile wa hlakolwa. Palamente e ile ya arabela ka ho theha molao o thehang 'lekgotla' le letjha le bitswang 'Lekgotla le Phahameng la Palamente', le neng le entswe ka ditho tsohle tsa Palamente. Morero wa lona e ne e le o le mong feela: ho hlahloba hape diqeto tsa Lekgotla la Boipiletso moo melao e neng e phatlaladitswe e le e seng molaong. Lekgotla la Boipiletso, ka tumellano e felletseng, le ile la phatlalatsa hore Molao ona ha o molaong, nyeweng ya Harris v Minister of the Interior (2).
Ka 1955, Palamente e ile ya eketsa Senate ka bongata bo boholo ba dikgetho, e le hore e ka fihlela palo e hlokahalang nakong ya kopano e kopaneng ya Matlo ka bobedi a Palamente. Pele ho sena, ho ne ho fetisitswe molao o laelang hore qeto mabapi le hore na molao o molaong kapa tjhe, e lokela ho etswa ke lekgotla le nang le baahlodi ba leshome le motso o mong. Baahlodi ba bang ba bahlano ba Lekgotla la Boipiletso ba ile ba kgethwa; Senate sa eketswa, mme ka 1956 Molao wa Bakgethi wa fetiswa ka palo e hlokahalang ya dikgetho. Hamorao selemong seo, Lekgotla le atolositsweng le neng le entswe ka baahlodi ba robedi ba neng ba sa kenela nyewe ya pele le ile la hana ho phatlalatsa hore Molao oo ha o molaong, ke Schreiner JA ya ileng a fana ka maikutlo a fapaneng. Sena se ile sa fella ka hore bakgethi ba mmala ba tloswe lethathameng le akaretsang la bakgethi Provenseng ya Kapa. Ketsahalo ena e ile ya senya seriti sa Lekgotla, haholoholo kaha ho ne ho na le maikutlo a hore mmuso o ne o kentse batho ba o tshehetsang hara baahlodi.
Maikutlo ao a ile a mpefatswa ke ho hana ha mmuso ho kgetha Schreiner JA moahlodi ya phahameng ka mora Moahlodi e Moholo hore a nke sebaka sa Centlivres CJ ha a tlohela mosebetsi qetellong ya 1956. Ho na le hoo, mmuso o ile wa kgetha Fagan JA, eo boemo ba hae bo neng bo le tlase ho ba Schreiner le Hoexter. E ne e le yena feela setho sa lekgotla se neng se sa kenella diqetong tse ileng tsa etswa nyeweng ya Harris. Ho mo bontsha toka le ho se nke lehlakore, o ile a amohela boemo boo feela ka mora ho buisana le Schreiner JA. Dilemo tse pedi hamorao, ha Fagan CJ a tlohela mosebetsi, Steyn JA eo pele e neng e le moeletsi e moholo wa molao wa mmuso, hape e le yena feela setho sa lekgotla se sa kang sa hanyetsa katoloso ya lona o ile a kgethwa ho ba Moahlodi e Moholo. Ka mora moo, Fagan o ile a kgutlela dipolotiking ho ya lwantsha maano a kgethollo ya morabe a mokga wa National Party. Mohlahlobisisi e mong o hlalositse Schreiner JA e le ‘Moahlodi e Moholo ya hlwahlwa ka ho fetisisa eo Afrika Borwa e sa kang y aba le yena’.
Ho tloha mathwasong a bo-1960 ho fihlela mathwasong a bo-1990, ha ANC e ne e sa thibelwa mme dipuisano tse mabapi le demokrasi di qala, AD e ile ya tobana le boipiletso bo bongata bo batlang ho hlahloba diketso tsa tsamaiso le tsa tsamaiso tlaswa molao wa kgethollo ya morabe, melao ya tshireletso e ntseng e eketseha, mme nakong ya bo-1980, maemo a mabedi a tshohanyetso. Ho ne ho boetse ho na le boipiletso bo bongata ba botlokotsebe bo hlahang molaong o tshwanang. Mokgwa o mopetetsane wa ho hlahloba boahlodi le mokgwa o tshwanang o mopetetsane le o tobileng wa ho aha molao o neng o kgetholla dikahlolo tsa yona. Hammoho le tlhompho e feteletseng kgopolong ya boipuso ba palamente, sena se entse hore ho be thata haholo ho hlahisa diphephetso tsa molao diketsong tsa mmuso tse kenyang tshebetsong maano a kgethollo ya morabe le melao ya tshireletso. Ntle le mekgelo e seng mekae, dikahlolo tse hlahang di ile tsa etsa ho honyenyane ho ntshetsa pele ditokelo tsa botho mme melao motheo e mengata ya tokoloho ya molao wa Roma-Dutch e ile ya sothwa nakong eo. Lekgotla le ne le atisa ho nyatsuwa ka ho kgetha ka boomo tlhaloso e tshehetsang Naha maemong ao ho neng ho fumaneha kaho e lekanang. Bahlalosi ba molao ba morao ka kakaretso ba na le pono e mpe ya rekoto ya yona dibakeng tsena nakong ena.
Dipolelo tse jwalo tsa ho nyatsa di utlwahala mme di na le mabaka a utlwahalang. Jwalokaha moahlodi e moholo wa nakwana wa maloba a ngotse mabapi le lekgotla lena: ‘Seriti sa lona setjhabeng se ne se putlame ka ho feletseng ha tsamaiso ya kgethollo ya morabe e fela’. Leha ho bile le diphoso tsena, ho a hlokahala ho ananela hore ena e ne e se ona feela mosebetsi oo Lekgotla la Boipiletso (AD) le neng le o etsa nakong eo; dikarolong tse ding tsa molao, ho ile ha etswa menehelo ya bohlokwa haholo. Toon van den Heever JA e ne e le setsebi se ileng sa ithuta ka botebo mehlodi ya kgale ya molao wa Roma le wa Roma-Dutch. Ba bang ba ileng ba latela tsela e tshwanang—ba kang Steyn, Rumpff, Jansen, Rabie, Joubert, Van Heerden, Hefer le Nienaber—ba ne ba na le bokgoni bo ikgethang ba ho fuputsa mehlodi eo ya molao. Diqeto tsa Trollip dikarolong tsa molao wa kgoebo le ditokelo tsa thepa ya kelello (intellectual property) di ntse di nkwa e le tsa bohlokwa haholo le tse behileng mekgwa e metjha. Corbett, Miller le Holmes ba ile ba ngola ka mokgwa o hlakileng haholo dikarolong tse ngata, mme Holmes o ne a tsebahala ka bokgoni ba hae ba ho qapa dipolelo tse sa lebaleheng. Dikarolong tse ngata, Lekgotla le ile la hlahloba hape, la atolosa, la fetola kapa la hlakola melao-motheo ya kgale ho latela ditlhoko tsa setjhaba se neng se ntse se fetoha. Maemong a mang sena se ne se lebisitswe ho phonyoheng melao-motheong ya molao wa Senyesemane e neng e se e itsetsepetse dibakeng tsa molao tse kang boikarabello ba botlokotsebe, tlōlo ya molao, ho thibela le ho se sebetse hantle, empa dibakeng tse ding, haholo-holo molao wa kgoebo le thepa ya kelello, ho ile ha itshetleha ka molao wa Senyesemane le ditsamaiso tse ding tsa molao wa kantle ho naha mesebetsing ya pele ya molao o bapiswang. Pele ho tswelo-pele ya molao wa motheo hamorao, tlasa Corbett CJ AD e ile ya atolosa sebaka sa tlhahlobo ya boahlodi, e susumetswang haholo-holo ke tswelo-pele Engelane. Maemong a mang ho ile ha etswa boiteko ba ho tiisa melao-motheo e ntlafaditsweng haholwanyane ya molao wa Roma wa Madatjhe. Metheo e mengata e behilweng nakong eo e ntse e sa sisinyeha mehleng ya hona jwale ya molao wa motheo.
Mohlomong lentswe la ho qetela tabeng ena le lokela ho fuwa Chaskalson CJ, hlooho ya pele ya Lekgotla la Molaotheo, ya ileng a re ka 1989:
‘Re tla fihlela re ananela hore re na le sekoloto se seholo ho baahlodi ba tsamaiso ya kgale … ka tsela e itseng … ba bolokile melao-motheo ya tokoloho le toka e kenelletseng ka hare ho molao o tlwaelehileng [wa Roma-Dutch]. Kgopolo ya hore tokoloho le toka ke dikarolo tsa mantlha tsa molao e ntse e phela … Ena ke lefa la bohlokwa, le sa lokelang ho fokotswa kapa ho senngwa.’
1994 ho fihla ha jwale
Ho thewa ha Lekgotla la Molaotheo e ne e le phetoho e le nngwe feela e kgolo ya Molaotheo wa Nakwana wa 1993 sebopehong sa boahlodi. Sebopeho sa Lekgotla le Phahameng le neng le le teng, le nang le AD e le hlooho ya lona, se ile sa bolokwa. Pele ho Molaotheo wa 1996, Lekgotla la Molaotheo le AD di ile tsa theha ditlhoro tse pedi tsa sebopeho sa boahlodi, ka moedi o thatai wa bolaodi o di arolang. Lekgotla la Molaotheo le ne le filwe matla a ikgethang hodima ditaba tsa molaotheo mme le filwe matla a ho hlakola molao le boitshwaro ba tsamaiso. AD e ile ya tswela pele ho ba lekgotla la ho qetela la boipiletso ditabeng tse ding tsohle, empa e ne e se na matla hodima ditaba tsa molaotheo. Kaha ho ne ho se na moedi o motle o arolang molaotheo ho ditaba ‘tse ding’ ka tsela e makgethe, ho ne ho hlakikle hore sebopeho sena se na le bothata. Mohlala, ho hlophiswa ha tlhahlobo ya boahlodi e le taba ya molaotheo ka botlalo ho ne ho bolela hore matla a nalane a AD mabapi le tlhahlobo ya boahlodi a tlositswe.
Bothata bona bo ile ba rarollwa tlasa Molaotheo wa 1996. AD, eo hona jwale e seng e reheletswe lebitso la Lekgotla le Phahameng la Boipiletso, e ile ya fumana matla a molaotheo, ha Lekgotla la Molaotheo le ne le filwe matla a ho ntshetsapele molao o tlwaelehileng ho bonahatsa ditekanyetso tsa molaotheo. SCA, hammoho le Makgotla a Phahameng, a filwe matla a ho fedisa boitshwaro ba mopresidente, Melao ya Palamente le Melao ya provense, ho latela tiiso ya ditaelo tsa bona ke Lekgotla la Molaotheo. Lekgotla le boetse lea hlokahala, ha le toloka molao kapa le ntshetsapele molao o tlwaelehileng, ho kgothaletsa moea, sepheo le sepheo sa Bili ya Ditokelo. Sena se ile sa tlisa nako e ntjha e kgolo ya kahlolo ya molaotheo ka ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho Molaotheo le ditekanyetso le ditekanyetso tse kenyelleditsweng ho wona.
Ho ba siyo ha karohano e ntle pakeng tsa ditaba tsa molaotheo le tse seng tsa molaotheo, tse neng di ferekane makgotla ho tloha ka 1994, ho ile ha tswela pele ho baka pherekano: ke lekgotla lefe leo e neng e le lekgotla le ka sehloohong tabeng efe
kapa efe e itseng? Kapele ho ile ha hlaka hore letoto le leholo la ditokelo le ditiisetso tlasa Molaotheo, hammoho le mokgwa o mosa le o nang le morero wa tlhaloso wa Lekgotla la Molaotheo, le bile le phello ya hore nyewe efe kapa efe e ka hlaloswa e le e hlahisang taba ya molaotheo. Kaha Lekgotla la Molaotheo le ne le na le qeto ya ho qetela ya hore na taba ke taba ya molaotheo, nnete ke hore, ntle le maemong a fokolang, e ne e le lekgotla le ka sehloohong la nnete. Sena se ile sa amohelwa ka Phato 2013 ha Molaotheo o ne o fetolwa ho fana ka hore Lekgotla la Molaotheo ke lekgotla le phahameng ka ho fetisisa Afrika Borwa, leha le ka utlwa feela ditaba tsa molaotheo le ditaba tse hlahisang ntlha ya molao e ka phehisanwang ya bohlokwa ba setjhaba ka kakaretso.
Ka nako e tshwanang, molao o laolang sebopeho sa makgotla (Molao wa Lekgotla le Phahameng ka ho Fetisisa wa 1959) o ile wa hlakolwa mme wa nkelwa sebaka ke Molao wa Makgotla a Phahameng wa 2013. Sena se ne se reretswe ho hlophisa botjha sebopeho sa makgotla a naha le ho se dumellanya le Molaotheo. Ka lebaka leo, SCA jwale e ananelwa ka molao e le lekgotla le ikemetseng, mme Lekgotla le Phahameng le fetohile lekgotla le le leng le nang le dikarolo tse mmalwa. Phetoho e nngwe ya bohlokwa e tlisitsweng ke Molao wa Makgotla a Phahameng e bile phetisetso ya tsamaiso ya makgotla ho tloha Lefapheng la Toka le Ntshetsopele ya Molaotheo (jwalokaha le ne le tsejwa ka nako eo) ho ya ho Ofisi ya Moahlodi e Moholo e sa tswa thehwa.
Ka 1994, baahlodi bohle ba AD e ne e le batho ba basweu, mme ya le mong feela (Leo van den Heever) e ne e le mosadi. Jwalo ka naha ka kakaretso, lekgotla lena le bile le phetoho e kgolo. Ho tloha ka 1994 ho fihlela nakong eo sengolwa sena se ngolwang, batho ba mashome a mabedi a metso e mmedi ba kgethilweng ho ba baahlodi lekgotleng lena e bile batho ba batsho, mme ba leshome e bile basadi. Motho wa pele ya ileng a tshwara boemo ba Moahlodi e Moholo ya neng e se motho e mosweu e ne e le Ismail Mahomed; o fihlile ho SCA a tswa Lekgotleng la Molaotheo, moo e neng e le e mong wa baahlodi ba pele le Motlatsi wa Mopresidente wa lona. Ka maswabi, nako ya hae ya ho sebeletsa e ile ya kgutsufatswa ke ho kula le lefu la hae ka 2000. Ka 2008, Lex Mpati e ile ya eba Mopresidente wa SCA ya latelang ya motsho, mme Mopresidente wa ha jwale, Mandisa Maya, o ile a mo hlahlama ka mora ho ba setho sa lekgotla lena ho tloha ka 2005. O na le tlhompho e kgethehileng ya ho ba moahlodi wa mosadi wa pele ya etellang lekgotla lena pele. Ha jwale, boholo ba baahlodi ba SCA ke batho ba batsho, e leng se etsang hore lekgotla lena le emele batho ba naha ka kakaretso ka tsela e betere.
Hara ho se tsitse hona le ho rarahana ho amanang le matla a taolo le tsamaiso, SCA mehleng ya demokrasi, ya molaotheo e fane ka dikahlolo tse ngata tse hlalosang ka mokgwa o hlakileng boleng ba Molaotheo wa rona ha ka nako e tshwanang di bontsha nalane e ntle ka ho fetisisa ya molao le boiphihlelo ba Lekgotla. Karolo e bapalwang ke boahlodi ba Afrika Borwa ho tloha ka 1994 e tiisitse hore boahlodi bo ikemetseng bo bohlokwa bakeng sa demokrasi e matla. SCA e tswela pele ho bapala karolo ya yona ho sena, e hlalosa ditlhoko tsa Molaotheo ka toka, ka tieho le ka mokgwa o tsitsitseng. Ka nako e tshwanang e tswela pele ho phetha karolo ya yona ya bohlokwa jwalo ka lekgotla le ka sehloohong la boipiletso Afrika Borwa le ikarabellang bakeng sa tlhahiso le ntshetsopele e tswelang pele ya molao.
Ho tlatseletsa ho baahlodi ba motjhaotjhele ba SCA, ho na le baahlodi ba nakwana ba boipiletso ba kgethilweng ho tswa makaleng a Lekgotla le Phahameng ho tlatsa dikgeo tsa nakwana—mohlala, ha baahlodi ba motjhaotjhele ba le phomolong kapa ha ba sebeletsa e le baahlodi ba nakwana Lekgotleng la Molaotheo. Hangata, baahlodi ba motjhaotjhele ba boipiletso ba kgethwa hara batho ba seng ba na le boiphihlelo ba ho ba baahlodi ba nakwana ba boipiletso.
Moaho wa Lekgotla
Ho tloha ka 1910, lekgotla le ile la sebedisa holo le dikamore tse amanang le yona tse ka hare ho Raadsaal moahong o ka mose ho tsela, seterateng sa President Brand, ka botjhabela ho moaho o teng hona jwale. Raadsaal e ne e sebediswa ke lekgotla la baetsi ba melao la Orange River Colony ho tloha ka 1907 ho isa ho 1910, mme ha ho thehwa Union, ya fetoha setsi sa lekgotla la provense. Hona jwale ke setsi sa lekgotla la baetsi ba melao la provense ya Foreisetata. Ka 1929, Lekgotla le ile la fallela moahong o teng hona jwale, o ileng wa bulwa ka la 10 Mphalane 1929 ke Letona la Toka, Oswald Pirow KC. Moketeng oo, Jacob de Villiers ya neng a tshwere boemo ba Moahlodi e Moholo ka mora lefu la Sir William Solomon o ile a re makgotla, hohle moo a leng teng, a "eme pakeng tsa motho le mohohlo."
Ha mokete o fela, Pirow o ile a fuwa senotlolo sa kgauta seo a neng a se sebedisitse ho bula monyako wa moaho o motjha wa Lekgotla. Bukeng ya hae ya mehopolo e bitswang Brushes with the Law, Marius Diemont JA—ya neng a le teng letsatsing la ho bulwa ha Lekgotla a sa le motjha—o pheta hore dilemo hamorao, ha a ntse a sebetsa e le ramolao e monyenyane a tsamaisana le Pirow, ba ile ba ya Lekgotleng ho ya sebedisa laeborari empa ba fumana monyako o notletswe. Pirow, a sa tshwenyeha, o ile a re: ‘Ke ile ka bula moaho ona dilemong tse 20 tse fetileng ha ke ne ke le Letona la Toka. Bona, lebitso la ka le teng lejweng la motheo, mme senotlolo sena se ketaneng ya watjhe ya ka ke sona seo ba ileng ba mpha sona.’ Empa senotlolo se ne se fetotswe, kahoo senotlolo seo se ile sa sitwa ho bula monyako. Moaho wa Lekgotla o ile wa atoloswa ka 1967 ka ho ahuwa ha holo ya bobedi ya nyewe le diofisi tse ding tsa baahlodi. Katoloso ya bobedi, e neng e kenyelletsa holo e kgolo e ntjha ya nyewe hammoho le diofisi tse ding bakeng sa basebetsi ba tsamaiso le bafuputsi, e ile ya phethwa ka 2011.
Moaho wa pele o ile wa ralwa ka mokgwa wa Renaissance o sa lateleng melao e thata, ke J S Cleland, e leng Moqapi e Moholo wa Meaho ya mmuso, ya ileng a boela a rala meaho e meng e mengata e meholo ya setjhaba Afrika Borwa. Karolo ya kgale ka ho fetisisa e hahilwe ka lejwe la lehlabathe le tswang Ladybrand, karolo e ntjha e ka bophirima e ahilwe ka lejwe la lehlabathe le tswang Ficksburg, mme katoloso ya moraorao e ahilwe ka lejwe la lehlabathe le tswang Mookgophong, provenseng ya Limpopo. Maemong ohle, dikatoloso tsena di ile tsa ahwa ka tsela e bolokang mokgwa le ponahalo ya moaho oo ka hohle kamoo ho ka kgonehang.
Thepa ya ka tlung le dikwahelo tsa mabota dikamoreng tse pedi tsa pele tsa makgotla hammoho le laeborari, di entswe ka lehong la *stinkwood* (*Ocotea bullata*)—sefate sa tlhaho se sa fumaneheng habonolo ebile se le bohlokwa haholo. Ka hodima monyako o moholo, o betlilweng lejweng, ho na le mantswe a Jacob de Villiers, eo e neng e le Moahlodi e Moholo wa Afrika Borwa nakong eo, a builweng ha ho bulwa lekgotla: ‘… Helmete ya dihlomo tsa Tumelo, e emelang tumelo e tiileng ya setjhaba tokelong le matleng a molao; Dinotlolo tsa Tokoloho ho tswa Pusong e Hatellang (moo ho se nang molao); hammoho le Lebone le Mabone a kganyang a nnete’. Tshupiso ena ya Helmete ya dihlomo tsa Tumelo e bonahala e amana le lengolo la Pauluse le yang ho Baefese, moo a ba kgothalletsang ho apara dihlomo tsohle tsa Modimo, ho kenyeletswa le ‘helmete ya poloko’. Monyako o ka borwa o na le setshwantsho sa hlooho ya Minerva—modingwana wa bohlale wa Baroma, ya sireletsang bonono le saense—ha monyako o ka leboya o na le Jupiter, hlooho ya moaho wa kgale wa Baroma.
Ho ne ho lebelletswe hore kamore e ntjha ya lekgotla e ka boela ya kgabiswa ka lehong la stinkwood. Sena se ile sa sitisa hobane ho ne ho na le kotsi ya hore ho ke ke ha ba le lehong le lekaneng ho fihlela ditlhoko tsa morero ona, kaha sefate sena jwale se nkwa e le mofuta o kotsing ya ho fela. Ka lebaka leo, ho ile ha sebediswa Imbuia sebakeng sa lona—e leng lehong la boleng bo hodimo le sebedisetswang mokgabiso, mme le shebahala ka tsela e tshwanang. Tlasa melao ya pele, moaho ona o ne o nkwa e le Seemahale sa Naha, mme ha jwale ke Sebaka sa Lefa la Naha.
Ka tlase ho Lekgotla ho na le polokelo ya ditokomane, moo ho bolokilweng ditlaleho tsa nyewe e nngwe le e nngwe e ileng ya mamelwa Lekgotleng ho tloha ka 1910. Ena ke polokelo e ruileng ya nalane, e emetseng ho hlahlojwa ke ditsebi tsa nalane ya molao.
Laeborari
Laeborari e fumaneha mokatong o ka hodimo wa moaho, mme e arotswe ka maemo a mabedi. Qalong, Laeborari e ne e na le kamore e le nngwe e nang le dikarolo tse kenelletseng ka hare maboteng ka mahlakoreng ka bobedi, hammoho le sethala se ka hodimo. Hona jwale Laeborari e hodisitswe haholo, mme e na le karolo e ntjha e kenyelletsang dibaka tseo pele e neng e le dikamore tsa baahlodi.
Holong e ka hodimo ya Laeborari, e potolohileng kamore e bohareng, ho beilwe matshwao a dipuso (coats of arms) a Diprovense tse nne tsa mehleng ya Kopano ya Afrika Borwa. Matshwao ana a entswe ka polasetara mme a pentilwe ka mebala, a beilwe bohareng ba mabota a mane a holo eo. Dishelefo di entswe ka lehong la Burmese Teak, ha fatshe ho katilwe ka dikotwana tsa lehong la stinkwood.
Laeborari e na le dibuka tse ka bang 43 000, tseo ho tsona tse ka bang 4 000 e leng melaongolwa ya kgale — haholoholo dingodilweng tsa ditsebi tsa molao tsa Madatjhe le tsa kontinente ya Yuropa tsa makgolo a dilemo a 16, 17 le 18. Dibuka tse pedi tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa laeboraring ena di ngotswe ka selemo sa 1544. Tsena ke pokello e felletseng ya mesebetsi ya Bartolus (1313-1357) e arotsweng ka dibuka tse leshome, hammoho le mesebetsi ya morutuwa wa hae, Baldus (1327-1400), di ngotswe ka puo ya Selatine, mme di fana ka tlhaloso mabapi le Corpus Juris Civilis ya Marena a Roma, Justinian. Buka e nngwe e ikgethang ke *Tractatus Universi Juris*, e ileng ya bokellwa qetellong ya lekgolo la dilemo la 16 ka taelo ya Mopapa Gregory. Mesebetsi ena ha e na bohlokwa feela e le dintho tsa kgale tsa nalane. Ka lebaka la boemo bo ikgethang boo melaongolwa ya kgale ena, e nang le bona tsamaisong ya molao ya Afrika Borwa, e ntse a sebediswa mme ka dinako tse ding e qotswa diqetong tsa Lekgotla.
Laeborari e boetse e na le pokello e felletseng ya dibuka tsa thuto tsa Afrika Borwa, hammoho le pokello e emelang hantle ditlaleho tsa makgotla, dibuka tsa thuto le dimakasine tsa molao tse tswang dinaheng tse buang Senyesemane (Anglo-American) le dinaheng tse ding tsa kontinente ya Europe. Hajwale, e ntse e leka ho ntlafatsa pokello ya yona ya dingodilweng tse mabapi le molao wa motheo le molao wa matjhaba.
Ke moetlo hore ditsebi tsa thuto di fane ka dikopi tsa dibuka tsa tsona tse mabapi le molao ho Laeborari. Le hoja Laeborari ena e etseditswe haholoholo baahlodi ba Lekgotla, basebetsi ba etsang dipatlisiso le bona ba na le monyetla wa ho e sebedisa, hammoho le ditsebi tsa molao le setjhaba ka kakaretso, tlasa maemo a itseng a laolwang.
Sebakapontsho sa ditshwantsho
Phaposing e lebisang Laeboraring ho na le difoto tsa baahlodi ba ka sehloohong le boholo ba baahlodi ba Lekgotla ho tloha ha le thehwa ka 1910. Ho boetse ho na le ditshwantsho tse pentilweng hammoho le ditshwantsho tse betlilweng tsa batho ba hlahelletseng haholo lefapheng la molao nakong e fetileng, ho kenyeletswa le ditshwantsho tse betlilweng tsa baahlodi ba ka sehloohong ba bahlano ba pele ba Afrika Borwa.
Sebakeng sa monyako wa kgale, ditepising, ho eme setshwantsho sa hlooho le mahetla sa Lord de Villiers (1873-1914), e leng Moahlodi e Moholo wa pele wa Kopano ya Afrika Borwa. Kaha e ne e le motho ya nang le botho bo matla le seriti se seholo, o ile a kenya letsoho le leholo nakong ya mosebetsi wa hae wa boahlodi o nkileng dilemo tse 40, ho bopeng molao wa Afrika Borwa. Setshwantsho sena se betlilwe ke Moses Kottler, setsebi se tummeng sa bonono sa Afrika Borwa. Hape, ditepising ho na le ditshwantsho tsa Sir James Rose Innes, Sir William Solomon le Sir John Wessels.
Mohlahlami wa Lord de Villiers e ne e le Sir James Rose Innes (1855-1942), eo setshwantsho sa hae se pentilweng se fumanehang ditepising, mme setshwantsho sa hae se betlilweng se le ka Laeboraring. O ne a tsebahala ka tsebo ya hae e tebileng le ka mokgwa o hlakileng le o utlwahalang oo a neng a fana ka diqeto tsa hae ka wona. Ho bolelwa hore o ile a tlohela mosebetsi pele ho nako e behilweng e le hore motswalle wa hae wa nako e telele ebile e le mosebetsimmoho le yena, Sir William Henry Solomon (1852-1930), a ka ba le monyetla wa ho sebeletsa e le Moahlodi e Moholo. Setshwantsho se betlilweng sa Sir William le sona se ka Laeboraring, mme jwaloka sa motswalle wa hae, se betlilwe ke E Grace Wheatley. Setshwantsho se betlilweng sa mohlahlami wa Solomon, Jacob de Villiers (1868-1932) se betlilweng ke Moses Kottler le sona se ka Laeboraring. O ile a tswa dikotsi mme a hapuwa nakong ya Ntwa ya Maburu, eaba o ba motshwaruwa wa ntoa sehlekehlekeng sa Bermuda. E ne e le motho ya nang le botho bo matla le bo hlomphehang; nako ya hae ya ho ba Moahlodi e Moholo, jwaloka ya mohlahlami wa hae, e bile kgutshwanyane mme e ile ya sitiswa ke mathata a bophelo bo botle.
Laeboraring ho boetse ho na le setshwantsho sa sefuba sa Sir Johannes (John) Wessels (1862-1936), se entsweng ke Anton van Wouw. E ne e le e mong wa baahlodi ba nang le tsebo e tebileng haholo. E ne e le motho ya matla, ya nang le kelello e hlahelletseng le boitelo bo hlollang mosebetsing; empa ho ya ka ba bangata, o ne a boetse a le mabifi mme a haellwa ke mamello ha a le setulong sa boahlodi. Ke ka yena moo ramolao a ileng a bua mantswe a kgutshwanyane empa a na le moelelo o tebileng, ka mora nyewe ya boipiletso, a re: "Re file Moahlodi e Moholo monyetla o lokileng haholo wa ho mamelwa."
Mosebetsi wa boahlodi wa Sir John Gilbert Kotzé (1849-1940) o nkile dilemo tse 50, ho tloha ha a kgethwa ka 1877 ha a ne a na le dilemo tse 27 feela ho fihlela a tlohela mosebetsi ka 1927. Ha a ntse a sebeletsa e le Moahlodi e Moholo wa Rephaboliki ya Transvaal, o ile a lelekwa mosebetsing ke Mopresidente Kruger ka mora hore a hlahise maikutlo a hore makgotla a na le tokelo ya ho hlahloba diqeto le melao e fetisitsweng ke lekgotla la molao kgahlanong le Motheo, le ho di phatlalatsa e le tse se nang matla a molao. Ho ile ha feta dilemo tse fetang lekgolo pele makgotla a Afrika Borwa a fuwa matla ao tlasa Motheo. Kotzé e ne e le setsebi se hlahelletseng, monna ya nang le tsebo e batsi haholo, le motho ya ratang ho bokella dibuka. Pokello ya hae e neng e na le dihlooho tse 1556 tseo mmuso o ileng wa di reka ka 1927 ka tjhelete e ka bang £800 e ile ya theha motheo wa laeborari ya Lekgotla la Boipiletso le neng e sa tswa thehwa ka nako eo; mme ho fihlela kajeno, pokello ena e ntse e bolokilwe e le karolo e ikemetseng. Setshwantsho sa hae sa sefuba, se entsweng hape ke E Grace Wheatley, se fumaneha hammoho le pokello ena.
Ditshwantsho tse ding tse nne tsa dihlooho tsa ditho tsa mehleng tsa lekgotla di eme monyako wa laeborari. Leopold Greenberg (1885-1964) (ya betlilweng ke Jack Penn) e ne e le Moahlodi wa Lekgotla la Boipiletso ho tloha ka 1943 ho isa ho 1955. O ne a tsebahala ka bohlale ba hae bo bohale, bokgoni ba hae ba ho hlalosa dintho ka ho hlaka, hammoho le metlae ya hae e bohlale empa e le bohale. Ba bang ba neng ba phela nakong e tshwanang le ya hae ke Oliver Deneys Schreiner (1890-1980) (ea betlilweng ke Naomi Jacobson) le F P (Toon) van den Heever (1894-1956) (ea betlilweng ke Laura Rautenbach). Schreiner e ne e le moahlodi wa Lekgotla la Boipiletso ho tloha ka 1945 ho isa ho 1960. O ne a hlomphuwa haholo jwaloka moahlodi, mme haeba e ne e se ka lebaka la maemo a dipolotiki a neng a le teng ka nako eo, a ka be a ile a ba Moahlodi e Moholo. Van den Heever, monna ya neng a na le bokgoni ba ho etsa dintho tse fapaneng, o boetse o tsebahala e le seroki sa puo ya Seafrikaans. Qetellong, ho boetse ho na le setshwantsho sa hlooho ya Moahlodi e Moholo L C Steyn (1903-1976) (ya betlilweng ke Daniella Geldenhuys). O ile a kgethwa e le moahlodi wa Lekgotla la Boipiletso ka 1955, mme a kgethwa e le Moahlodi e Moholo ka 1959 boemo boo a ileng a sebeletsa ho bona ho fihlela a tlohela mosebetsi pele ho nako e behilweng, ka 1971.
Karolong e nngwe ya Laeborari, ho na le setshwantsho sa hlooho le mahetla sa Tielman Roos (1879-1935) (se betlilweng ke Joseph Coplans), se fuweng ke lelapa la hae. Holong e ka ntle ho laeborari ho na le setshwantsho sa Moahlodi e Moholo Mahomed, le sona se fanwe ke ba lelapa la hae.
Baahlodi ba Baholo ba mehleng ba Lekgotla la Boipiletso
1910 - 1914 : Lord de Villiers of Wynberg (O hlokahetse a ntse a sebetsa 2 Loetse 1914.)
1914 - 1927 : Sir James Rose Innes (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1910.)
1927 - 1929 : Sir William H Solomon (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1910.)
1929 - 1932 : Jacob A J de Villiers (Moahlodi wa boipiletso wa tlatsetso ho tloha 1910 and Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1920. (O hlokahetse a ntse a sebetsa 16 Loetse 1932.)
1932 - 1936 : Sir J W Wessels (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1923. O hlokahetse a ntse a sebetsa mafelong a 1936.)
1936 - 1938 : J S Curlewis (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1927.)
1938 - 1939 : J Stratford (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1927.)
1939 - 1943 : N J de Wet (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1937)
1943 - 1950 : E F Watermeyer (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1938)
1950 - 1957 : A van der Sandt Centlivres (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1939)
1957 - 1959 : H A Fagan (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1950.)
1959 - 1971 : L C Steyn (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1955.)
1971 - 1974 : N Ogilvie Thompson (oahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1958.)
1974 - 1982 : F L H Rumpff (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1961.)
1982 - 1989 : P J Rabie (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1970.)
1989 - 1996 : M M Corbett (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1974.)
1997 - 2000 : I Mahomed (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1996. O hlokahetse a ntse a sebetsa 17th June 2000)
2000 - 2001 : H J O Van Heerden (Moahlodi ya Moholo wa Nakwana) (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1982.)
2001 : J J F Hefer (Moahlodi ya Moholo wa Nakwana) (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1984.)
Bapresidente ba Lekgotla le Phahameng la Boipiletso
2002 - 2003 : J J F Hefer (Mopresidente wa Nakwana)
2003 - 2008 : C T Howie (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1993)
2008 - 2016 : L Mpati (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 2000)
2016 - 2022: M M L Maya (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 2005. A tshwara nakwana ho tloha ka 2016 ho fihla 2017; A kgethwa jwalo ka Motlatsi wa Moahlodi e Moholo 2022)
2023 ho fihla ha jwale: M B Molemela ( Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 2018)
Batlatsa Mopresidente ba Lekgotla le Phahameng la Boipiletso
2003 - 2008 : L Mpati (kamora moo ya eba Mopresidente wa Lekgotla)
2008 - 2011 : L T C Harms (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1993)
2012 - 2014 : K K Mthiyane (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 2001)
2015 : M S Navsa (tshwere nakwana)
2015 - 2017 : M M L Maya (kamora moo ya eba Mopresidente wa Lekgotla)
2017 - 2018 : J B Z Shongwe (tshwere nakwana)
2019 - 2024 : X M Petse ( Mopresidente wa Nakwana 2022)
2024 - ho fihla ha jwale : D H Zondi (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 2014)
Baahlodi ba Boipiletso ho tloha 1910
1910 - 1922: C G Maasdorp (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso wa Tlatsetso ho tloha 1910 le moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1915)
1914 - 1923 : Sir Henry H Juta (Moahlodi wa Boipiletso wa Tlatsetso ho tloha 1910 le Moahlodi wa Boipiletso ho tloha 1920.)
1922 - 1927 : Sir John G Kotzé
1929 - 1932 : T J de V Roos
1932 - 1937 : F W Beyers
1933 - 1939 : Sir Etienne de Villiers
1938 - 1949 : B A Tindall
1939 - 1944 : R Feetham
1943 - 1955 : L Greenberg
1945 - 1961 : O D Schreiner
1948 - 1956 : F P (‘Toon’) van den Heever
1949 - 1963 : O H Hoexter
1955 - 1960 : E N de Beer
1955 - 1957 : F G Reynolds
1955 - 1957 : H de Villiers
1955 - 1957 : C P Brink
1955 - 1956 : C G Hall
1956 - 1968 : D O K Beyers
1958 - 1976 : P J van Blerk
1958 - 1959 : A B Beyers (O ile a kgethwa ho ba Presidente ya Baahlodi ya Kapa, 1958)
1959 - 1960 : A C Malan
1959 - 1961 : W H Ramsbottom (O hlokahetse a ntse a sebetsa)
1961 - 1965 : D H Botha (O hlokahetse a ntse a sebetsa)
1961 - 1963 : L J de V van Winsen (O kgutletse Kapa)
1961 - 1967 : J T van Wyk (O kgethilwe jwalo ka moahlodi wa tlatsetso wa Afrika Borwa Lekgotleng la Lefatshe ho fihla ka 1966. Mme a kgutlela Kapa ya eba Presidente ya Baahlodi ka 1973)
1961 - 1977 : G N Holmes
1962 - 1967 : A Faure-Williamson (O hlokahetse a ntse a sebetsa)
1963 - 1984 : P J Wessels
1965 - 1973 : H J Potgieter (O hlokahetse a ntse a sebetsa)
1968 - 1988 : E L Jansen
1969 - 1981 : W G Trollip
1971 - 1984 : G V R Muller
1974 - 1978 : S Hofmeyr
1975 - 1976 : O Galgut
1976 - 1977 : J N C de Villiers
1976 - 1985 : G P C Kotzé
1976 - 1985 : S Miller
1977 - 1982 : M A Diemont
1977 - 1995 : C P Joubert
1978 - 1986 : J J Trengove
1980 - 1985 : P M Cillié
1980 - 1988 : G Viljoen
1982 - 1994 : G G Hoexter
1982 - 1996 : A S Botha
1983 - 1985 : H C Nicholas
1985 - 1986 : W G Boshoff
1985 - 1988 : H R Jacobs
1985 - 1998 : E M Grosskopf
1985 - 2002 : J W Smalberger
1986 - 1997 : H H Nestadt
1986 - 2003 : W Vivier
1988 - 1990 : M T Steyn
1988 - 1996 : M E Kumleben
1988 - 1994 : J P G Eksteen
1988 - 1993: A J Milne (O hlokahetse a ntse a sebetsa)
1988 - 2001 : F H Grosskopf
1990 - 1991: G Friedman (O ile a kgethwa ho ba Presidente ya Baahlodi ya Kapa, 1991)
1990 - 1994: R J Goldstone (O kgethilwe ho ya Lekgotleng la Molaotheo., 1994)
1990 - 2002 : P M Nienaber
1991 - 1996 : L van den Heever
1993 - 2008 : C T Howie
1993 - 1994: J C Kriegler (O kgethilwe ho ya Lekgotleng la Molaotheo., 1994)
1995 - 2004 : R M Marais
1995 - 2003 : P J J Olivier
1995 - 2004 : W P Schutz (O hlokahetse a ntse a sebetsa)
1995 - 2008 : D G Scott
1996 - 2007 : R H Zulman
1996 - 2000 : C Plewman
1997 - 2010 : P E Streicher
2000 - 2009 : I G Farlam
2000 - 2008 : E Cameron (O kgethilwe ho ya Lekgotleng la Molaotheo., 2008)
2000 - 2022 : M S Navsa
2002 - 2015 : F D J Brand
2002 - 2013 : R W Nugent
2002 - 2007 : J H Conradie
2003 - 2012 : T D Cloete
2003 - 2019 : C H Lewis
2003 - 2012 : J A Heher
2004 - 2013 : B J van Heerden
2004 - 2025 : V M Ponnan
2005 - 2009 : C N Jafta (O kgethilwe ho ya Lekgotleng la Molaotheo, 2009)
2005 - 2010 : D Mlambo (O ile a kgethwa ho ba Presidente ya Baahlodi ya Gauteng, 2010)
2007 - 2008 : P C Combrinck
2007 - 2021 : A Cachalia
2009 - 2014: S Snyders (O hlokahetse a ntse a sebetsa)
2009 - 2016: N Z Mhlantla (O kgethilwe ho ya Lekgotleng la Molaotheo., 2016)
2009 - 2013 : F R Malan
2009 - 2018 : L O Bosielo (O hlokahetse a ntse a sebetsa)
2009 - 2018 : J B Z Shongwe
2009 - 2020 : L E Leach
2009 - 2019 : Z L Tshiqi (O kgethilwe ho ya Lekgotleng la Molaotheo., 2019)
2010 - 2017: L V Theron (O kgethilwe ho ya Lekgotleng la Molaotheo., 2017)
2010 - 2019 : S A Majiedt (O kgethilwe ho ya Lekgotleng la Molaotheo., 2019)
2010 - 2019: L W Seriti
2011 - 2021: M J D Wallis
2012 - 2024 : X M Petse (Motlatsa Mopresidente 2019)
2013 - 2018 : N P Willis
2013 - 2023: H K Saldulker
2014 - 2020: K G B Swain
2014 - 2022: B H Mbha
2014 - ho fihla ha jwale: D H Zondi (Motlatsa Mopresidente 2024)
2015 - 2026: N Dambuza
2015 - 2021: R Mathopo (O kgethilwe ho ya Lekgotleng la Molaotheo., 2021)
2016 - 2023: C H G van der Merwe
2016 - ho fihla ha jwale: B C Mocumie
2018 - ho fihla ha jwale: T M Makgoka
2018 - ho fihla ha jwale: M B Molemela
2018 - ho fihla ha jwale: A Schippers
2019 - 2026: F E Mokgohloa (O hlokahetse a ntse a sebetsa)
2019 - 2022: C M Plasket
2019 - 2022: D V Dlodlo
2019 - ho fihla ha jwale: C H Nicholls
2019 - ho fihla ha jwale: Y T Mbatha
2021 - 2024: T R Gorven
2021 - 2024: Z Carelse (O ile a kgethwa ho ya Lekgotleng la ditaba tsa Mobu 2024)
2021 - 2026: S P B Mothle
2021 - ho fihla ha jwale: W Hughes
2021 - 2024: N P Mabindla-Boqwana (O ile a kgethwa ho ya Lekgotleng le Phahameng la WC, 2024)
2022 - ho fihla ha jwale: P A Meyer
2022 - ho fihla ha jwale: M K Matojane
2022 - 2026: S E Weiner
2022 - ho fihla ha jwale: G Goosen
2022 - ho fihla ha jwale: D E Molefe
2023 - ho fihla ha jwale: M A Kgoele
2023 - ho fihla ha jwale: F Kathree-Setiloane
2024 - ho fihla ha jwale: J E Smith
2024 - ho fihla ha jwale: R M Keightley
2024 - ho fihla ha jwale: D N Unterhalter
2024 - ho fihla ha jwale: P A Koen
2024 - ho fihla ha jwale: E Baartman
2024 - ho fihla ha jwale: P Coppin
2026 - ho fihla ha jwale: T V Norman
2026 - ho fihla ha jwale: B Vally
2026 - ho fihla ha jwale: L Windell
_________________
Leqephe le ntlafaditswe ka: 26 Phato 2026
MOKGWATSHEBETSO PELE HO LEKGOTLA
Lekgotla le etsa qeto ka dinyewe ho latela rekoto ya dinyewe tse ka pela lekgotla le ka tlase le ka mora ho nahana ka mabaka a ngotsweng le a molomo a hlahisitsweng. Dipaki ha di hlahe ka pela lekgotla, mme mahlakore ha a hloke ho ba teng nakong ya ho utlwa boipiletso. Kahlolo e ngotsweng ka tlwaelo e ntshwa nakwana ka mora ngangisano.
Lekgotla le mamela boipiletso mabapi le nnete mme kaha ha ho na dinyewe tsa lekgotla la baahlodi, le na le boikgethelo bo boholo ba ho etsa diphetho tsa lona tsa nnete. Ka lebaka la matla ana a bolaodi, baahlodi ba tlameha ho bala rekoto ya dinyewe tse felletseng makgotleng a ka tlase. Ka tlwaelo, moahlodi e mong le e mong o abelwa dinyewe tse nang le maqephe a ka bang 30 000 a bopaki le dipontsho ka selemo. Ho phaella moo, moahlodi e mong le e mong o abelwa dikopo tsa tumello ya ho ipiletsa.
MAYELANA NATHI
Igunya Lezokwahlulela
UMthethosisekelo uchaza kabanzi ngohlaka lwegunya lezokwahlulela eNingizimu Afrika ngalendlela elandelayo:
- • Igunya lezokwahlulela leZwe libekwe ezinkantolo.
- • Izinkantolo zizimele futhi zisebenza ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo kanye nomthetho, okufanele ziwusebenzise ngaphandle kokwesaba, ukwenzelela nokuchema.
- • Akekho umuntu noma uhlaka lombuso olungaphazamisa ukusebenza kwezinkantolo.
- • Izinhlaka zombuso, ngokusebenzisa izindlela zomthetho kanye nezinye, kufanele zilekelele futhi zivikele izinkantolo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzimela, ukungachemi, isithunzi, ukufinyeleleka nokusebenza ngendlela efanele kwezinkantolo
- • Umyalelo noma isinqumo esikhishwe yizinkantolo sibophezela wonke umuntu othintekayo noma izinhlaka zikahulumeni ezithintekayo.
- • INhloko yamaJaji iyinhloko yezezinkantolo futhi inomsebenzi wokusungulwa kanye nokuqaphela ukugcinwa kwezimiso nemigomo ekusebenzeni kwezomthetho ezinkantolo zonke.
Indawo yeNkantolo Ephakeme YezokuDluliswa KwamaCala ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa
INkantolo Ephakeme YezokuDluliswa KwamaCala ingene esikhundleni Sophiko LwezokuDluliswa KwamaCala (Appellate Division),olwalusungulwe ngonyaka we-1910 ngesikhathi kusungulwa i-Union of South Africa [Umlando neMvelaphi]. Igama lenkantolo laguqulwa ngesikhathi kuqala ukusebenza koMthethosisekelo ngonyaka we-1996.
I-SCA iyinkantolo ephakeme yesibili eNingizimu Afrika, ngaphandle kwezimo lapho kubhekwene nezindaba ezithile zezabasebenzi kanye nezokuqhudelana kwezohwebo. Phambilini yona neNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo bekuyizinkantolo eziphakeme ngokulinganayo kodwa zibhekene nezindaba ezihlukene. Kodwa kusukela ngoNcwaba (Augugust) wezi-2013 iNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo yiyo esiyinkantolo ephezulu kunazo zonke ebhekana nazo zonke izindaba..
NgokoMthethosisekelo, i-SCA: -
- • Ingathatha isinqumo kunoma yiluphi udaba, ngaphandle kwezinye zezindaba zabasebenzi nezokuqhudelana ngokwezohwebo, kodwa
- • Yinkantolo yokudluliswa kwamacala kuphela, futhi ithatha izinqumo emacaleni adlulisiwe kanye nokunye okuxhumene nokudluliswa kwamacala.
I-SCA ingenza umyalelelo mayelana nokwamukeleka koMthetho wePhalamende, uMthetho wesifundazwe ngokomthethosisekelo noma nganoma iyiphi indlela yokuziphatha kukaMongameli, kodwa umyalelo wokungamukeleki ngokomthethosisekelo awunamandla ngaphandle uma uqinisekiswe yiNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo. Ukwakheka, Igunya naMandla eNkantolo
I-SCA inoMongameli, iPhini likaMongameli kanye namajaji alalela amacala adlulisiwe ngokwesimiso soMthetho wePhalamende. Kuyimanje, kunamajaji angama-23 aqokwe ngokugcwele ngaphezulu kwelinguMongameli nePhini lakhe. [Amajaji eNkantolo]
I-SCA inamandla okulalela futhi inqume ngecala elidluliswe yiNkantolo Ephakeme. jIzinqumo seNkantolo zibophezela zonke izinkantolo ezingaphansi kwayo, futhi izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zibophezela zonke izinkanto zeziMantshi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithintekayo zamandla oPhiko oluthintekayo lweNkantolo Ephakeme.
IJaji elikhulu kunawo wonke elinguMongameli weNkantolo. Ngaphambi kokuba khona koMthethosisekelo, ijaji layo elikhulu laliyiNhloko yamaJaji ezwe lonke. Kodwa, ngonyaka wezi-2001 inhloko yeNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo yaba yiNhloko yamaJaji futhi inhloko ye-SCA yaba uMongameli weNkantolo. Ikomkhulu le-SCA lise-Bloemfontein. Kodwa kukhona ukuhlinzekelwa kokuba izinhlelo zeNkantolo ziqhutshwe kwenya indawo uma kunesidingo noma kungenxa yokuqhutshwa kwezobulungiswa. Izinhlelo zeNkantolo ziqhutshwa ezweni lonke futhi izinqumo zayo kufanele zisebenze no yikuphi kufane nokuthi yizinqumo noma imiyalelo yoPhiko lweNkantolo Ephakeme noma iNkantolo yeMantshi yendawo.
Inkantolo ihlala ngendlela eba namajaji amathathu kuya kwamahlanu, ngokuncike ecaleni elidlulisiwe. UMongameli we-SCA unelungelo lokuyalela ukuba udaba olusenkantolo lulalelwe amajaji angaphezulu kwamahlanu ngenxa yokubaluleka kwalo lolo daba. Ngonyaka we-1955 kwashaywa umthetho njengenxenye yemizamo kahulumeni yokususa abavoti abangamakhaladi ohlwini lwabavotayo ukuze kuhlinzekelwe ukuthi udaba luthinta ukwamukeleka komthetho oshayiwe, amajaji eNkantolo alalela udaba abe yi-11. INkantolo yakhula ngokuba kwengezwe amanye amajaji ayi-6 emuva kwalokho isibalo samajaji sakhuliswa ngokwesidingo esikhona. Kodwa ukuhlinzekelwa kwenkantolo ebanzi okwenzeka ngokoMthetho i-Supreme Court Act 1959 wasetshenziswa kanye ecaleni laseBophuthatswana elalidlulisiwe lapho okwahlala khona amajaji ayi-11. Kwelinye icala ngesikhathi sentando yeningi, kwahlala ayi-9. Ukwakheka kwethimba lamajaji kuyahluka ngokwezikhathi ezihlukene. Ijaji elidala kuba yilo eliyinhloko kulelo nalelo cala. Kungaba nezahlulelo ezihlukene ecaleni elilodwa uma imibono ingafani. Isinqumo seningi yiso esiba yisinqumo seNkantolo.
Amajaji nabammeli bagqoka izevatho zaseNkantolo.
Amathemu e-SCA
Amathemu eNkantolo abalulwe eMthethweni yeNkantolo ngale ndlela alandelayo:
15 kuNhlolanja (February) – 31 kuNdasa (March)
1 kuNhlaba (May) - 31 kuNhlaba (May)
15 kuNcwaba (August) - 30 kuMandulo (September)
1 kuLwezi (November) - 30 kuLwezi (November)
Ukudluliswa Kwamacala
Alikho ilungelo lokudlulisela icala ku-SCA. Kufuneka imvume yokudlulisa icala, etholakala eNkantolo Ephakeme noma, uma inqabile, ku-SCA ngokwesicelo sokudlulisa icala esifakwe kuyo. Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme, ihlala njangenkantolo yokuqala ukulalela icala, ekugunyazeni ukudluliswa kwecala inokwaneliseka ngokuthi lelo cala lidinga ukudluliselwa ku-SCA, kufanele iyalele ukuthi ukudluliswa kwecala kulalelwe yi-SCA, kungenjalo ingayalela ukuthi icala lilalelwe yinkantolo egcwele. Lo myalelo ungabekwa eceleni yi-SCA. Uma isicelo siphikisa isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme, uma kudluliswa icala kufanele imvume yalokho ekhethekile itholakale ku-SCA. Lokhu kuhambelana nokudluliswa kwamacala enkantolo egcwele ngokwesinqumo senkantolo ephakeme esithathwe yijaji elilodwa kanye nesinqumo seNkantolo yeMantshi
Ukudluliswa Kwamacala Obugebengu
I-SCA iyinkantolo yokudlulisa amacala athinta ezobugebengu alalelwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme. Alikho ilungelo elizenzekelayo lokudlulisa icala, kodwa imvume youdlulisa icala iyadingeka enkantolo lapho icala lihlale khona okokuqala, noma uma kungenzeki lokho itholakale ku-SCA. Ukudluliswa kwamacala kungumsebenzi we-SCA ngaphandle kwamacala kwlapho inkantolo egunyaza ukudluliswa kwecala yanelisekile ngokuthi lokho kudluliswa akuyidingi i-SCA. Kulezi zimo, kuyalelwa ukuba kuhlale inkantolo egcwele ukuba ilalele ukudluliswa kwecala. Lesi sinyathelo singabekwa eceleni yi-SCA Okunye ukudluliswa kwecala kusuke sekungenzeka kuphela ngemvume ekhethekile yokudlu etholakala ku-SCA. Umqondisi KaZwelonke Wezokushushiswa KoMphakathi angadlulisela icala ku-SCA ekhala ngesigwebo esikhishwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme, kodwa udinga imvume ngokuhambelana nomthetho othintekayo. Amanye amacala adlulela ku-SCA ngokwelungelo. Lokhu kuyindlela yezomthetho ekhethekile emayelana namacala ezobugebengu alalelwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme kanye nokumayelana nokungaqhutshwa ngendlela efanele noma ungaqhutshwa ngokusemthethweni kwecala okwenza ukuthi kufakwe isicelo sokudluliswa kwecala ngenxa yenqubo yecala elandeliwe.
Ukudluliselwa NguNgqongqoshe
Uma uNgqongqoshe WezobuLungiswa kanye Nezokuthuthukiswa KwezoMthothesisekelo enokungabaza ngokufaneleka kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ecaleni lobugebengu lapho enganelisekile ngeminxa yezomthetho, noma uma isinqumo solunye Uphiko lweNkantolo Ephakeme ecaleni lobugebengu ngokwezomthetho siphambene nesithathwe olunye Uphiko lweNkantolo Ephakeme,uNgqongqoshe angadlulisele isinqumo noma izinqumo eziphikisanayo ku-SCA enzela ukuba udaba ludingidwe yileyo nkantolo ukze kube yiyo exazulula lolo daba. Uma kunokushayisana kwezinqumo emacaleni omphakathi, eziMpikweni ezihlukene zeNkantolo Ephakeme, uNgqongqoshe WezobuLungiswa kanye Nezokuthuthukiswa KwezoMthothesisekelo angadlulisela udaba koyiNhloko Yamajaji, okufanele ukuba ahlelele ukuba lolo daba ludingidwe yiNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo noma i-SCA ukuze lusonjululwe.
Ukuqokwa Kwamajaji
Amajaji e-SCA aqokwa nguMongameli Wezwe elulekwa yiKhomishana YezokuHlinzekwa KwezobuLungiswa. UMongameli nePhini likaMongameli we-SCA baqokwa nguMongameli wezwe uma eselulekwe yiKhomishana YezokuHlinzekwa KwezobuLungiswa. Noma ngubani oqeqesheke ngendlela efanele futhi ongumuntu ofanelekile angaqokelwa ukuba yijaji. Ngokwenqubo eyayivamile, amajaji eNkantolo ayeqokwa kulawo ayengamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme futhi kwaba namahlandla amabili kuphela ngonyaka we-1929kanye nowe-1932 lapho lenqubo ingazange ilandelwe khona. Isidingo sokuba ezezinkantolo zihambisane nokwakheka kweze ngokwezobuhlanga nezobulili kufanele sibhekwe naso uma kuqokwa abazosebenza kulo mkhakha.
Inqubo yeNkantolo
Inkantolo ithatha izinqumo ngokubheka okuqoshiwe okwenzeke enkantolo okusuka kuyo icala elidluliswayo futhi iphinde ibheke izethulo ezibhaliwe nezethulwa ngomlomo. Ofakazi abaveli enkantolo, futhi abathintekayo abadingi ukuba babe khona ngesikhathi sokulalelwa icala elidlulisiwe. Isahlulelo esibhaliwe sivame ukwethulwa uma sekuqedwe ngezethulo zokudluliswa kwecala.
INkantolo ilalela izethulo zokudluliswa kwecala ilandela ubufakazi obuyiqiniso futhi njengoba kungekho midanti yokuqulwa kwecala, iba nethuba elivulelekile lokuzithathela isinqumo sayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, amajaji kufanele afunde konke okuqoshiwe okuyirekhodi lokwenzeke ezinkantolo eziphansi. Ngokujwayelekile, ijaji ngalinye ngonyaka labelwa amacala aqukethe ubufakazi obulinganiselwa emakhasini ayizi-30 000 kanye nobufakazi obungamazibithi. Ngaphezulu kwalokho, ijaji ngalinye labelwa izicelo zokudluliswa kwamacala ezibizwa ngamaphethishini.
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Ulwazi Olusha Lwafakwa: ngoNcwaba wezi-2023
UMLANDO NEMVELAPHI
Amandla enkantolo
Inkantolo isungulwe ngemuva kokuphela koPhiko Lwezokudluliswa Kwamacala [Appellate Division (AD)] futhi ekuqaleni yayisungulwe ngonyaka we-1910 njengenkantolo yokugcina yokudluliswa kwamacala yaseNingizimu Afrika emuva kokusungulwa kwe-Union of South Africa. Ekwakhiweni kweNkantolo yezoMthethosisekelo kanye nokushaywa komthetho u-s 166 of the Constitution, 1996 igama leNkantolo laguquka laba yiNkantolo Ephakeme YezokuDluliswa Kwamacala (i-SCA). Ekuqaleni inhloko yenkantolo kwakuyiJaji EliyiNhloko, kodwa lokho kwaguquka ngonyaka wezi-2001 ngesikhathi inhloko yeNkantolo yezoMthethosisekelo iba yiJaji eliyiNhloko. Inhloko ye-SCA manje isibizwa ngoMongameli weNkantolo we-SCA.
Phakathi konyaka we-1994 nowezi-2013 iNkantolo yezoMthethosisekelo kanye ne-SCA kwakuyizo eziyizinkantolo ezinkulu ezazinemiklamo yazo ehlukene lapho kwakusebenza khona amandla azo, iNkantolo yezoMthethosisekelo yayibhekana nezoMthethosisekelo kanti i-SCA yona yayibhekana nakho konke okunye. Kodwa kusukela kuNcwaba (August) wezi-2013 amandla eNkantolo yezoMthethosisekelo aluliwe afinyelela nasezindabeni ezibalulekile emphakathini jikelele kuhlanganiswe kanye nezindaba zoMthethosisekelo, okuyenza ibe yinkantolo ephakeme ezedlula zonke edingida izindaba zonke. I-SCA inamandla okudingida izindaba zokudluliswa kwamacala ngaphandle kwezindaba ezithile zezabasebenzi kanye zezokuqhudelana ngokwezohwebo, ngakho iyinkantolo esendaweni yesibili ephakeme eNingizimu Afrika. Eminxeni eminingi izinqumo zayo zingumqamulajuqu ngaphansi komthetho waseNingizimu Afrika.
I-SCA ayinayo indawo lapho kuqala khona amandla ayo futhi isebenza kuphela njengenkanto yezokudluliswa kwamacala. IPhini likaMongameli lilekelela uMongameli we-SCA futhi kunezikhundla zamajaji ezigcwele ezingama-23 eNkantolo, kanye noMongameli nePhini likaMongameli.
Uhlelo lwezomthetho
Imithetho engabhaliwe kanye nebhaliwe
Umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika ‘uwuhlelo lwemithetho oluyinhlanganisela’, uhlanganise izinhlelo zomthetho ezihlukene, futhi imvelaphi yawo isuselwe ezinhlelweni zomthetho zase-Europe kanye nezomthetho ongabhaliwe zase-England. Izisekelo zomthetho ongabhaliwe okumanje obizwa ngomthetho waseNingizimu Afrika ongabhaliwe, i-Roman-Dutch law, onzimpande zawo ziku-Roman law ezathuthukiswa zaphinda zasetshenziswa e-Holland kanye nakwezinye izifundazwe zama-Dutch ngezikhathi zamakhulunyaka e-17 nele-18. Amasiko nawo abe neqhaza. Kwaba yilolu hlelo olwasebenza e-Holland lwase lwethulwa eNingizimu Afrika ngemuva kokufika kwama-Dutch eKapa ngonyaka we-1652.
Ngesikhathi sokuphathwa kweKapa ngamaNgisi, kusukela ngonyaka we-kuya 1795 kowe-1803 kwaphinda futhi nangemuva konyaka we-1806, i-Roman-Dutch law wasetshenziswa njengomthetho wezwe. Lokhu kubonakala ku-Charter of Justice yangonyaka we-1828 kanye nakweyesibili i-Charter of Justice yangonyaka we-1832. IsiNgisi saba umthetho wasezinkantolo ngonyaka we-1827 okwalandelwa ukuba izindlela zokwethulwa kobufakazi nezinqubo ezindabeni zobugebengu nezomphakathi zisebenzise ulimi nomthetho wamaNgisi. Umthelela womthetho wesiNgisi nawo wacaca ngokusobala, kokunye ngenxa yokuthi abammeli namajaji babeqeqeshwe e-England nanokuthi futhi imithombo yawo yayitholakala kalula kwabomkhakha uma kuqhathaniswa nowesi-Latin kanye nowe-Roman-Dutch owawusebenzisa isi-Dutch esijulile owawusetshenziswa yiziphathimandla cangaphambilini. Ngezinye izikhathi amajaji e-SCA ayadinga ukuba azidingide lezi zindaba zakudala ukuze athungathe umsuka nokusabalala komthetho nendlelakucabanga endala. Ngenhlanhla umtapo wolwazi we-SCA unenqwaba yemibhalo eyimithetho yakudala, kodwa ayitholakali yonke kubameli banamuhla iningi labo elingasifundanga isi-Latin noma isi-Dutch.
Izisekelo zomthetho ongabhaliwe waseNingizimu Afrika zitholakala ezimisweni zomthetho ze-Roman-Dutch eziguqulwe futhi zahunyushwa yizinqumo zomthetho ezithathwe phambilini. Izinqumo ze-SCA zibophezela zonke izinkantolo ezingaphansi kwayo futhi nayo i-SCA ibophezelwe yizinqumo zeNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, i-SCA izibona ibophezelekile ezinqumweni zayo ngaphandle uma iboniswa ukuthi kukhona okungahambanga kahle ngodaba obeluphambi kwayo. Izinqumo zezomthetho zingumthombo womthetho ngokwazo. Iqhaza lokuthuthukiswa komthetho ongabhaliwe lamukelwa ngokucacile kuMthethosisekelo, njengoba nesibopho sokugcina izimiso, izinjongo nezinhloso zoMqulu WamaLungelo.
Umthetho ongabhaliwe uthuthukiswa kakhulu yimithetho eshicilelwe. Umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika oshicilelwe, ulekelela noma weseka umthetho ongabhaliwe futhi uyisisekelo sokusebenza kombuso. Futhi ubaluleke kakhulu ohlangothini lwezomthetho wezobugebengu. Amacala amaningi aphambi kwenkantolo amayelana nokuhunyushwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho eshicilelwe.
Ngenxa yokwahluka komlando womthetho waseNingizimu Afrika, ngokomthethosisekelo umsebenzi wokuba nomthetho oqhathanisayo uholela ekubeni kubhekwe njalo nomthetho wangaphandle kwezwe, kungahlosiwe ukuba ube ngobophezelayo kodwa njengonika umhlahlandlela ngokomthetho.
Okungaphezu kwalolu hlaka lwezomthetho nguMthethosisekelo, okuyiwo olinganisela yonke imithetho ukuze kutholakala inhlalanjalo futhi okuyiwo onomthelela ekubhalweni kwemithetho.
Umthetho wesintu
Umthetho wesintu wendabuko uyingxenye ebalulekile yomthetho waseNingizimu Afrika njengayo yonke eminye imithetho nawo ungaphansi koMthethosisekelo futhi udinga ukuhambisana nezimiso kanye nezinkambisomgomo zomthethothosisekelo. Ukhuluma ngezinhlelo zezomthetho ezathuthukiswa emiphakathini ehlukene njengengxenye yamasiko nosikompilo ngokuhambelana nokwakheka kanye nokuphathwa kwaleyo miphakathi kanye nobudlelwano babantu bakhona. Unokubaluleka kakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngezindaba zomndeni, ukuganiselana, izipho zokuganiselana, umshado wesintu, izindaba zezingane, ubuzali nokunakekelwa kwezingane, amafa, ezomhlaba, nezindaba zomphakathi. Lokhu kokugcina kuthinta nezindaba ezithinta ubuholi bomdabu nokugcotshwa kwamakhosi nezinduna.
Umthetho womhlaba
Noma yisiphi isivumelwano somhlaba siba ngumthetho wezwe uma senziwa umthetho kazwelonke. Umthetho womhlaba wesintu ungumthetho ezweni ngaphandle uma ungahambisani nezimiso zoMthethosisekelo noma uMthetho wePhalamende. Uma kuhunyushwa umthetho oshicilelwe, yonke inkantolo kufanele yamukele zonke izihumusho zomthetho ezihambelana nezimiso zomthetho womhlaba ngaphezulu kwanoma yikuphi ukuihunyushwa kwawo okungahambisani nomthetho womhlaba.
Iminyaka eyikhulu yomlando
1910-1948
Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kweNyunyana yaseNingizimu Afrika ngowe-1910 ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphakeme zamakoloni aseKapa, eNtilasifali (eyaphenduka ikholoni ngowe-1902) neNatali, zaziqondiswe ngokuqondile eMkhandlwini wezoMthetho Oweluleleka uMbuso ngesikhathi izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphakeme zaseMpumalanga Kapa kanye nase-Griqualand West kwakufanele zidluliselwe kuqala eNkantolo Ephakeme YezokuDluliswa Kwamacala yaseKapa kanye nalawo ayevela eKoloni yase-Orange River (nokuyindlela okwakubizwa ngayo iFreyistata lapho iba yikoloni) eNkantolo Ephakeme Yezokudluliselwa Kwamacala yaseNtilasifali ngaphambi kokuthi kufakwe izicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo kuMkhandlu WezoMthetho Oweluleka uMbuso. Isidingo senkantolo yokudluliselwa kwamacala sokulalela ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zezinkantolo ezivela ezinkantolo ezihlukahlukene zaseNingizimu Afrika, okunomkhawulo kuphela ngokuphathelene nokuholela kulokho ngemva kwalokho kuye eMkhandlwini WezoMthetho Oweluleka uMbuso, kwaba nomuzwa kusukela ngowe-1905 lapho inkomfa yabameli-jikelele eyayise-Bloemfontein iphakamisa ukuthi kubekwe inkantolo yaseNingizimu Afrika. Phakathi neseshini yeNgqungquthela kaZwelonke kaLwezi we-1908, eyayiqhutshelwa eKapa, kwaxoxwa ngomthethosisekelo wenkantolo ephakeme yezokudluliswa kwamacala. Yamukela isiphakamiso sika-Sir James Rose Innes kanye no-Sir William Solomon sokuthi iNkantolo isungulwe futhi kufanele ibe neJaji EliyiNhloko kanye namajaji amabili avamile (asebenza ngokugcwele) abhekelela ufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenknatolo kanye namajaji amabili engeziwe (angasebenzi ngokugcwele) abhekelela ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zezinkantolo azoba amalungu esinye sezigaba zesifundazwe. Lolu hlaka lwafakwa kuMthetho weNyunyana yaseNingizimu Afrika, 1909 nokuyilapho iNyunyana yaba khona ngaphansi kwawo.
Lowo Mthetho uma nje iSigaba Sokubuyekeza Izinqumo zeNkantolo (AD) sasiyinkantolo yokugcina yokufaka izicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqyumo zenkantolo eNingizimu Afrika. Kodwa-ke, lokhu bekungaphansi kwelungiselelo lokonga ukuthi ukuba khona kwe-AD akuzange kuphazamise amandla eKomidi Lokwehlulela loMkhandlu WezoMthetho Oweluleka uMbuso ngokuphathelene nokulalela ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo ezivela kulo ngekhefu elikhethekile elinikezwe yiBhodi. Ngokombono okungenani i-AD yayiyinkantolo yokufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zezinkantolo ephakathi nendawo kwaze kwaba yilapho kuqedwa ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kezinqumo zenkantolo zoMkhandlu WezoMthetho Oweluleka uMbuso nguMthetho Wokubuyekezwa Kwezinqumo ZeNkantolo 16 ka-1950. Nokho, lokhu ikakhulukazi kwakungumbono nje njengoba kwakungavamile ukuthi kube khona imvume ekhethekile yezomthetho yokubuyekezwa kwesinqumo senkantolo. Amarekhodi, nakuba engaphelele, abonisa izihlandla eziyishumi kuphela zzokufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo ezivela ekwehlulelweni kweSigaba Sokubuyekeza Izinqumo zeNkantolo. Ezintathu zalezi zazingamacala ayevela e-Southern Rhodesia (manje esiyingxenye yeZimbabwe) ngesikhathi ukufakwa kwezecelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo ezivela enkantolo yaleyo koloni ziphumelela ku-AD, futhi ezimbili kuphela kuzo zonke eziye zaphumelela. Kuzo zonke izinhloso ngakho-ke IsiGaba Sokubuyekeza Izinqumo zeNkantolo sasiyinkantolo yokugcina yokufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zezinkantolo eNingizimu Afrika futhi leso sikhundla saqinisekiswa ngowe-1950 ngokuqedwa kokufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo kuMkhandlu WezoMthetho Oweluleka uMbuso.
Kusukela kuNyunyana ngowe-1910 kuze kube ngu-1955 i-AD yayiyinkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke yokudluliswa kwamacala okungenani ezindabeni ezithile ze-Southern Rhodesia yaphambilini (manje esiyingxenye yeZimbabwe) njengoba yayiphinde ibe ngeye-South West Africa kusukela ngowe-1918 kuze kube ngu-1990, lapho ekugcineni yazimela njenge-Namibia. Ilahlekelwe amandla enkantolo okwesikhashana ezingxenyeni ezithile zaseNingizimu Afrika lapho izifundazwe ze-TVBC (i-Transkei, i-Venda, i-Bophuthatswana ne-Ciskei) zisungula izinkantolo zazo zokugcina zokufaka izicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo. Ngokuhlanganiswa kabusha kwezwe ngowe-1994 isikhundla salo njengenkantolo eyinhloko yokufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo ezivela kulezo zindawo kwabuyiselwa esimweni.
IJaji EliyiNhloko lokuqala kwakungu-Sir Henry de Villiers owayeyiJaji EliyiNhloko laseKapa kusukela ngowe-1873 futhi owayengamele okwakudingidwa kuNgqungquthela kaZwelonke ngowe-1908 okwaholela esivumelwaneni sokusungula kweNyunyana. Ekuqokweni kwakhe njengeJaji EiliNhloko lokuphakanyiselwa kuhlelo lokwaziswa ngokuphathelene nobukhosi lokuba yilingu lophiko oluphansi lobukhosi bamaNgisi (baronetcy) wase eba u-Lord De Villiers wase-Wynberg. Amajaji avamile okubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo kwakungu-Sir James Rose Innes, owayeyiJaji EliNhloko laseNtilasifali, kanye no-Sir William Solomon, naye owayevela ethimbeni lamajaji laseNtilasifali. Amajaji engeziwe abhekelela ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo kwakungungoMongameli bamaJaji ababesanda kuqokwa beziGaba zesiFundazwe zaseKapa kanye naseNtilasifali, uChristian George Maasdorp noJacob Abraham Jeremy (Jaap) de Villiers. Lapho u-Lord de Villiers eshona ngowe-1914 uSir James Rose Innes wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba yijaji eliyinhloko kanti u-C G Maasdorp waba yijaji elivamile lokubhekelela ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo. U-Sir Henry Juta, iJaji EliNhloko laseKapa (indodana yabasunguli benkampani yokushicilela izincwadi zemfundo kanye nezomthetho owaziwayo nomshana kaKarl Marx ohlangothini lukanina) waqokwa njengejaji elengeziwe ngokuphathelene nokufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo. U-Lord de Villiers kwakuwukuphela kwejaji laseNingizimu Afrika elake lahlala kuMkhandlu WezoMthetho Oweluleka uMbuso. Nakuba abaningana balabo abamlandela njengeJaji EliyiNhloko baqokwa kuMkhandlu WezoMthetho Oweluleka uMbuso, abazange babizwe ukuze basebenze eKomidini LamaJaji loMkhandlu WezoMthetho Oweluleka uMbuso.
Ngokuphathelene namacala avela enkantolo enamajaji amabili noma ngaphezulu kwakudingeka ukuthi kuhlale wonke womahlanu amalungu enkantolo, kuyilapho kwezinye izimo kwakudingeka isibalo esincane ngokusemthethweni samajaji amathathu. UMthetho wesiGaba Sokubuyekeza Izinqumo zeNkantolo 12 ka-1920 wandisa inani lamajaji (avamile) abhekelela ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo lisuka kwamabili laya kwamane futhi kwaqedwa izikhala zomsebenzi zamajaji engeziwe okubhekelela ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo. Amajaji amabili engeziwe abhekelela ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuwu-Jacob de Villiers no-Sir Henry Juta, baba ngamajaji asebenza ngokugcwele abhekelela ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo. Ngowe-1922 ngenxa yokuthatha umhlalaphansi kuka-C G Maasdorp indawo yakhe yathathwa ngu-Sir John Kotzé kwase ngonyaka olandelayo, ngokuthatha umhlalaphansi kuka-Sir Henry Juta, u-Sir John Wessels wahlanganyela enkantolo. Amalungu eNkantolo ngaleso sikhathi, o-Innes CJ, uSolomon, uJ de Villiers, uKotzé no-Wessels JJA baye babizwa ngokuthi ‘ochwepheshe abahlanu abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu emthethweni wamaRoma namaDashi eNingizimu Afrika’ ngaleso sikhathi.
Umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika ka-1909 wahlinzekela ukuthi isihlalo seNkantolo sibe seBloemfontein kodwa ukuthi, ‘ukuze kube lula kwabacela usizo lwenkantolo’, ukuhlala kwenkantolo kwakungaqhutshelwa kwezinye izindawo zeNyunyana. U-Lord De Villiers akazange ayenze imfihlo indaba yokuthi wayengakuthandi ukukhethwa kweBloemfontein njengekomkhulu lezomthetho, futhi u-Sir James Rose Innes naye wayecabanga ukuthi kwakube yiphutha lokhu ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala, kwandisa ubunzima ngokuphathelene nokubekwa kwabasebenzi beNkantolo futhi, okwesibili, kwandisa izindleko zokuthethwa kamacala.
Ngowe-1910 IsiGaba Sokubuyekeza Izinqumo zeNkantolo yabhekelela lokhu ngokwenza amakomkhulu ezifundazwe, alalela izikhalazo eBloemfontein, ePitoli naseMgungundlovu, kodwa wahlala ngokuyinhloko eKapa. Ngowe-1911 iNkantolo yahlala kabili phakathi namaseshini amafushane eBloemfontein, kodwa ngokujwayelekile yayihlala eKapa. Lokhu kwaphindwa ngowe-1912. Abantu baseFreyistata babethukuthele kakhulu futhi lokhu kwaholela ekutheni kufakwe isigatshana kuMthetho Wokuthethwa Kwamacala 27 ka-1912 ohlinzeka ngokuthi izicelo zokushintshwa kwendawo yokukulalelwa ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo kufanele zilalelwe kuphela eBloemfontein nokuthi ukulalelwa kokufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwaseBloemfontein ngeke kubhekwe njengokulula kunoma ubani wanoma yimuphi ocela usizo lwenkantolo ngaphandle uma kunezimo ezihlukile ezivumela lokhu. Lokhu okuzwakaliswayo kwanikezwa ukutolikwa ngendlela enqala. Nakuba kwengenzwa ukuhlinzekelwa kwalokhu kumphumela wokuthi ngenkathi u-Lord De Villiers eyiJaji EliyiNhloko izicelo zokushintsha indawo zazingalalelwa kunoma iyiphi indawo yeNyunyana, ngowe-1913 nangowe-1914 ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe wahlala elalele ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo eziningana eBloemfontein.
Zimbalwa kakhulu izicelo zokuthi inkantolo ihlale kwenye indawo ezavunyelwa phakathi kuka-1912 no-1933. Isizathu esivamile sokuvumela izicelo ezinjalo ukuthi amacala awakwazanga ukulalelwa ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwenkantolo noma ukuthi ayebandakanya izigwebo zentambo. Kwaqubuka impikiswano ngowe-1933 lapho amajaji evumela ukufakwa kwesicelo sokubuyekezwa isinqumo senkantolo esivela endaweni eyayibizwa ngeSouthern Rhodesia ngaleso sikhathi ukuba silalelwe eKapa. Isicelo sokubuyekezwa kwesinqumo senkantolo kwakulindeleke ukuthi sibe side futhi sisidinga ukulalelwa ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokuhlala kwezinkantolo. Ngaphandle kwezinkinga zokuhlela owayefake isicelo sokubuyekezwa kwesinqumo senkantolo wazwakalisa ukuthi uGraham Mackeurtan KC, umeluleki oholayo, owayenempilo ebuthaka, wayengeke akwazi ukumelana ‘nezinyanga ezishisayo zasehlobo zikaZibandlela, uMasingana kanye noNhlolanja’. Ekwehluleleni ngokuphathelene nokuvumela isicelo sokubuyekezwa kwesinqumo senkantolo kulezi zinyanga bekubizwa ngokuthi ‘yizinyanga ezishisa kakhulu futhi ezivivinya kakhulu onyakeni’ futhi ‘njengesikhathi lapho izakhamuzi ezisengcupheni zidinga khona, uma izimo zazo zivuma, zifuna ukuyozipholisa ngeholide ogwini’. Kwaqhubeka ukuphawula ukuthi IsiGaba SesiFundazwe saseFreyistata sasihlele imigomo yaso ngendlela yokugwema ukuhlala kwenkantolo phakathi nalezo zinyanga lapho isimo sezulu ‘sasimandla khona’.
Abantu baseFreyistata babeziqhenya kakhulu ngesimo seBloemfontein njengekomkhulu lezomthetho futhi babephikisana ngokuqinile nanoma yisiphi isinqumo esasisusa ukuhlala kweNkantolo kude nedolobha. Isinqumo sokulalela lolu daba eKapa salahlwa kakhulu uMkhandlu Wedolobha, i-Chamber of Commerce yendawo kanye noMkhandlu weThimba lamaMmeli wendawo. I-The Friend, iphephandaba lansuku zonke elalishicilelwa eBloemfontein, lashicilela incwadi ebhalwe umuntu ongaziwa, eqinisweni eyayibhalwe uMongameli wamaJaji waseFreyistata, uFritz Krause. Yayihlanganisa okulandelayo: ‘Njengomuntu omdala waseBloemfontein ngifisa ukubhalisa umbhikisho wami, kanye nabanye abantu abaningi basedolobheni lethu, ngokumelene nesinqumo esingavamile nesingenangqondo seNkantolo YokuDluliswa Kwamacala sokushintsha indawo yokuqulwa kwecala liye eKapa ngenxa yezimo zesimo sezulu okusolwa ukuthi zenzeka lapha phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo… Uma kunamajaji angathandi ukuhlala noma ukuhlala lapha okwesikhashana, empeleni, mawavele afake izicelozawo zokwesula ezikhundleni. Baning abantu abanekhono abangakwazi ukwenza lo msebenzi … Izizathu zempilo ezibhekelelwe yinkantolo, ngokombono wami, ziyizizathu ezingathi shu ezifana nokucasha ngesithupha.’ U-T W Mackenzie, umhleli we-The Friend, wacelwa ukuthi avele phambi kweNkantolo ukuze abonise isizathu sokuthi kungani kungafanele atholakale enecala lokudelela inkantolo ngokushicilela le ncwadi. U-Mackenzie wayalwa ukuba ashicilele ukuxolisa okuvunyelwene ngakho futhi akhokhe inhlawulo yopondo abangamashumi amahlanu. Kodwa ambalwa kakhulu amacala akamuva aye alalelwa ngaphandle kwaseBloemfontein.
Ubukhulu benkantolo abuzange bushintshe kwaze kwaba ngu-1948 lapho kuphasiswa umthetho onika amandla uMbusi-Jikelele ukuba aqoke amajaji amaniningi abhekelela ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo njengoba kubonakala kudingekile. Leli nani lenyuswa ngokufanele laba yisithupha ukuze lenze iNkantolo ikwazi ukusingatha ukwanda komthwalo womsebenzi okwakulindeleke ngemva kokwelulwa kwamandla ayo ngokuphathelene nezicelo sokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo ngokuphathelene namacala obugebengu, njengoba manje yayivunyelwe ukulalela izicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo ngokuphathelene nokungamaqiniso, hhayi ngezizathu zomthetho kuphela. Ngalesi sigaba ukwakheka kwenkantolo kwase kushintshe kakhulu. U-EF (Billy) Watermeyer wayeyiJaji EliNhloko, ehleli no-Centlivres, Tindall, Schreiner no-Greenberg JJA. U-FP ‘Toon’ van den Heever, isazi ngokuphathelene nomthetho wamaRoma namaDashi nembongi evelele yesiBhunu, waqokelwa esihlalweni esisha enkantolo. Eminyakeni engamashumi amane nantathu kamuva indodakazi yakhe, uLeo van den Heever, waba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukuqokwa eNkantolo. Okuyisehlakalo esisodwa kuphela sokuthi kungene ingane esikhundleni somzali, u-G G (Gus) Hoexter waqokwa ku-AD ngowe-1982. Uyise, u-O H (Oscar) Hoexter wayeqokwe ngowe-1949 esikhundleni sika-Tindall JA. U-Rumpff CJ wayengumukhwe kaHarms JA.
Amajaji angama-20 asebenza eNkantolo phakathi nenkathi ka-1910 – 1948. Abaningi babo babengongoti abavelele ababhala ukwehlulela emacaleni okwacacisa umthetho, bafuzelela ukuthuthukiswa kwawo futhi basacashunwa nanamuhla. Babenethonya elikhulu ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zesimiso sezomthetho saseNingizimu Afrika, okungekho odlula uSir James Rose Innes, owaziswa kabanzi njengomunye wamajaji angefaniswe, uma kungekona nje ukuthi ungovelele, kwabakhiqizwe yileli zwe. Ngokungavamile kuleli zwe, ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi wabuyela ekuphileni impilo yasemphakathi ukuze akhankasele ukukhikisana nemizamo kahulumeni wase-Hertzog yokususa amalungelo angokomlando e-franchise ayethokozelwa abaMnyama esiFundazweni saseKapa. Enkulumweni yakhe eyayibikezela okwakuzokwenzeka wathi:
'Ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, kuzodingeka sibhekane neqembu elikhulu [labantu abamnyama] abamfundo yabo ibasize ukuthi baqonde ukubaluleka kwesimo sezepolitiki abasinqatshelwe, futhi ivuselele ukuzimisela kwabo ukusithola, futhi bazozizwa bethukuthele ngenxa yezikhalazo, ezomnotho kanye nezokuphatha ezizoqongelela lapho ingxenye eyodwa yabantu iphucwa lawo malungelo okuvota atholwa yizakhamuzi zakubo.
Ngicela ukubuza ukuthi, ingabe kucatshangwe kahle yini ngokuphathelene nalokhu okuphokophelwe, ngokuphathelene nokucindezela leli ningi elinezikhalazo futhi elithukuthele? Ngoba – masingalenzi iphutha – kuzofika kulokho ekugcineni. Lokhu akukona nje ukwenqatshwa kwenkululeko; kuyindaba yokuphuca inkululeko ebilokhu ithokozelwa isikhathi eside. Leyo nqubo, noma ngabe ifihliwe kangakanani, iyisenzo sokuphambuka okuncike emandleni kodwa amandla awazixazululi izinkinga zabantu. Umuntu angacabanga ukuthi eNingizimu Afrika ngeke kube nesidingo sokugcizelela lelo qiniso. Kodwa-ke, singakhohlwa ukuthi, lapho sibhekene nale nkinga, ukuthi awukwazi ukubulala umphefumulo wabantu; nokuthi umoya womuntu ngeke uvumele ukulahlekelwa amalungelo awazisayo ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo nangokomoya.
INingizimu Afrika imi lapho izindlela zihlukana khona. Ingase athathe indlela yokucindezela, kulula ekuqaleni ngezinga layo elishona phansi, kodwa iholela egodini – hhayi esikhathini sethu, kodwa esikhathini senzalo yethu, okuyisibopho sethu esingcwele ukuqapha lokho ezikufisayo.
Elinye ijaji elabuyela ekuphileni impilo yasemphakathini kwakungu-Tielman Roos, owayeqokwe ku-AD, ngokuqondile ePhalamende, lapho ayekade enguNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa kusukela ngowe-1924 kuya ku-1929. Washiya esikhundleni seNkantolo ukuze aphinde aqalise umsebenzi wakhe wezepolitiki futhi ekugcineni aphumelele umkhankaso wokuba iNingizimu Afrika ishiye indinganiso yokungefaniswe. Kodwa amathemba akhe okuba uNdunankulu awazange agcwaliseke futhi washona eminyakeni emithathu kamuva esebuyele emsebenzini wakhe kuThimba labammeli. UBeyers JA weza enkantolo evela emphakathini ngesikhathi uJacob de Villiers CJ eshona. Wayengasebenzi eThimbeni labammeli iminyaka eminingana futhi wayenguNgqongqoshe Wezimayini ngaphambi kokuthatha umhlalaphansi ngenxa yezizathu zempilo. Ngokusobala kwaba nokumelana nokuqokwa kwakhe amajaji ayehlezi ezikhundleni nenkantolo. Wayeyijaji lokuqala elabhala ukwehlulela kwenkantolo ngesiBhunu. NjengoRoos wabuyela kwezombusazwe ngemuva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi njengomuntu ozongenela ukhetho lweqembu likaMalan i-Herenigde Nasionale Party, okuyiqiniso elifaka intshisekelo esinqumweni sakhe ecaleni likaWilken v Brebner ngowe-1935 AD 175.
1948-1994
Ukwandiswa kwamalungu eNkantolo ngowe-1948 kwahambisana nokukhethwa kukahulumeni weNational Party kanye nokuqaliswa kwenqubomgomo yobandlululo. Ngemva nje kwalokho kwaba khona ingxabano yomthethosisekelo lapho iNkantolo nohulumeni wangaleso sikhathi bexabana khona okwabangelwa ukwethulwa komthetho wokususa labo ababizwa ngokuthi 'amakhaladi' ohlwini lwabavoti oluvamile esiFundazweni saseKapa.
Ngowe-1952 iNkantolo yabhekana nesivivinyo esikhulu lapho ukubaluleka koMthetho Wokumela Abavoti Ngokuhlukile uphonselwa inselele. Lo Mthetho waphasiswa ukuze kususwe abavoti abangamaKhaladi esiFundazweni saseKapa ohlwini lwabavoti oluvamile esiFundazweni saseKapa. Ku-Harris v Minister of the Interior (1) iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi yize iPhalamende liphakeme futhi libusa, lokhu akusho ukuthi likhululekile ukwemukela noma iyiphi inqubo lapho kumiswa umthetho omusha. Amalungelo abavoti abangamakhaladi ayesekelwe kuMthetho waseNingizimu Afrika futhi ukuze iPhalamende lisuse leli lungelo, umthetho kwakudingeka uphasiswe ngeningi eliphindwe kabili kwabathathu leziNdlu zombili zePhalamende ekuhlaleni kwazo ngokuhlanganyela. I-National Party ayikwazanga ukuthola iningi elinjalo futhi le nqubo ayilandelwanga ekushayweni koMthetho Wabavoti. Ngaleso sizathu umthetho oshayiwe wabekwa eceleni. IPhalamende laphendula ngokushaya umthetho owakha 'inkantolo' entsha - 'iNkantolo Ephakeme yePhalamende', equkethe wonke amalungu ePhalamende - ngenhloso yokubuyekeza ukwehlulela kweSigaba Sokubuyekeza Izinqumo zeNkantolo lapho umthetho kwakuthiwe awusebenzi khona. I-AD yamemezela ngazwi linye ukuthi lo Mthetho awusebenzi ku-Harris v Minister of the Interior (2).
Ngowe-1955 iPhalamende landisa amaLungu oMkhandlu ngeningi elilula ukuze kufinyelelwe eningini elidingekayo ekuhlaleni ngokuhlanganyela kweZindlu zombili zePhalamende. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, umthetho wawunikeza ukuthi isinqumo se-AD mayelana nokuba semthethweni kufanele sinqunywe yinkantolo yamajaji ayishumi nanye. Kwaqokwa amajaji amahlanu engeziwe abhekelela ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo; amaLungu oMkhandlu andiswa kwathi ngowe-1956 uMthetho Wabavoti waphasiswa ngeningi elidingekayo. Kamuva ngalowo nyaka iNkantolo eyandisiwe yakhiwa ngamajaji ayisishiyagalombili ayengazange ahlale ekulalelweni kwecala laphambilini futhi uSchreiner JA kuphela owaphikisana nalokhu, wenqaba ukumemezela uMthetho njengongekho emthethweni okwaholela ekutheni abavoti abangamakhaladi basuswe ohlwini lwabavoti abavamile esiFundazweni saseKapa. Lesi siqephu sangcolisa isithombe seNkantolo, ikakhulukazi njengoba kwakunombono wokuthi uhulumeni wayefake iThimba lamajaji amesekayo.
Lowo mbono wanda ngenxa yokwenqaba kukahulumeni ukuqoka uSchreiner JA, ijaji elikhulu enkantolo ngemuva kweJaji EliyiNhloko, ukuba athathe isikhundla sikaCentlivres CJ lapho lo mholi ethatha umhlalaphansi ekupheleni kuka-1956. Kunalokho yaqoka uFagan JA, owayengomncane ngokwesikhundla kubona bobabili oSchreiner noHoexter. Wayewukuphela kwelungu lenkantolo elingazange libe yingxenye yezinqumo ngokuphathelene nokulalelwa kwecala likaHarris. Ukuze senze ubulungiswa kuye kuye wemukela kuphela ukuba sesikhundleni ngemva kokubonisana noSchreiner JA. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva lapho uFagan CJ ethatha umhlalaphansi, uSteyn JA, owayengumeluleki omkhulu wezomthetho wesifundazwe futhi okuwukuphela kwelungu lenkantolo elingakwenqabeli ukwandiswa kwayo, waqokwa njengeJaji EliyiNhloko. UFagan wabe esengenela kabusha ezombusazwe ukuze akhankasele izinqubomgomo zohlanga zeNational Party. Omunye umhlaziyi uchaze uSchreiner JA, ngokuthi ‘yiJaji EliyiNhloko eliyingqayizivele iNingizimu Afrika engakaze ibe nabo’.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-1990, lapho i-ANC ingasavaliwe khona futhi kuqala izingxoxo mayelana nentando yeningi, i-AD yabhekana nezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo eziningi ezazifuna ukubuyekeza izenzo zokuphatha kanye nezokwengamela ngaphansi komthetho wobandlululo, imithetho yokuphepha eyayiqine kakhulu, kanye naphakathi nawo-1980, izimo ezimbili zokumemezelwa kwezwe njengelisesimweni esibucayi. Kwakufakwe izicelo eziningi zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo ngokuphathelene namacala obugebengu ezivela emthethweni ofanayo. Indlela encane yokufinyelela kububanzi obuvunyelwe bokubuyekezwa kwezomthetho kanye nendlela encane efanayo nengokoqobo yokwakhiwa komthetho yahlukanisa ukwehlulela kwayo. Ngokuhambisana nokuziphendulela ngokweqile embonweni wokubusa kwephalamende, lokhu kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukufaka izinselele zomthetho ezenzweni zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa izinqubomgomo zobandlululo kanye nomthetho wezokuphepha. Ngaphandle kokumbalwa ukwehlulela kwenkantolo okuwumphumela kwenza okuncane ekuqhubekiseleni phambili amalungelo abantu futhi izimiso eziningi ezivulekile zomthetho wamaRoma namaDashi zahlanekezelwa kule nqubo. INkantolo yayivame ukugxekwa ngokukhetha ngamabomu incazelo evuna uMbuso ezimweni lapho kwakukhona khona ukwakhiwa okunokulingana kakhudlwana. Abahlaziyi bezomthetho bakamuva ngokuvamile banombono ongemuhle ngerekhodi layo kulezi zindawo ngalesi sikhathi.
Ukugxekwa okunjalo kufanele futhi kuyabonakala. Njengoba elinye ijaji eliyinhloko eliyibambela laphambili labhala ngenkantolo ukuthi: ‘Isithombe salo somphakathi sasibhidlikile lapho ubandlululo luphela’. Naphezu kwalokhu kwehluleka kumele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi lo kwakungewona ukuphela komsebenzi owabandakanya i-AD phakathi nale nkathi kanye nakweminye imikhakha yomthetho nalapho yaba khona negalelo elibalulekile. U-Toon van den Heever JA wayeyisazi sezemfundo esangena sajula eziphathimandleni ezindala zomthetho wamaRoma kanye nowamaRoma namaDashi. Abanye abalandela indlela efanayo, njengowe-Steyn, Rumpff, Jansen, Rabie, Joubert, Van Heerden, Hefer no-Nienaber babenekhono lokuphenya leyo mithombo yomthetho. Ukwehlulela kukaTrollip emkhakheni wezomthetho wezentengiselwano nempahla engumqondo womuntu othile kuhlala kuyizimpawu zomlando. UCorbett, uMiller noHolmes babhala ngokucace kakhulu emikhakheni eminingi futhi uHolmes wayengungcweti emabinzaneni angenakukhokhlweka. Ezindaweni eziningi iNkantolo yaphinde yahlola, yanweba, yashintsha noma yasusa izimiso ezindala ngokuvumelana nezidingo zomphakathi oguqukayo. Kwezinye izimo lokhu kwakuqondiswe ekuphunyukeni ezimisweni zomthetho waseNgilandi ezazibanjwe ezindaweni zomthetho ezinjengecala lobugebengu, ukukhohliswa, ukuqinisekiswa kobulungiswa (estoppel) kanye nokuphazamiseka, kodwa kwezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi umthetho wezentengiselwano nempahla engumqondo womuntu othile, kwakuthenjelwe emthethweni waseNgilandi kanye nakwezinye izinhlelo zomthetho zakwamanye amazwe ekusebenziseni kokuqala komthetho wokuqhathanisa. Esanduleleni sentuthuko yomthethosisekelo yakamuva, ngaphansi kukaCorbett CJ i-AD yandisa ububanzi bokubuyekezwa kokwahlulela, okuthonywe ikakhulukazi okwakwenzeka eNgilandi. Kwenziwa umzamo kwezinye izimo wokugcizelela kabusha izimiso ezikhanyiswe kakhudlwana zomthetho wamaRoma namaDashi. Eziningi zezisekelo ezibekwe phakathi naleso sikhathi zihlala ziqinile enkathini yamanje yomthethosisekelo.
Mhlawumbe igama lokugcina ngaphansi kwalokhu kwaziswa ngokuyinhloko kufanele kunikezwe uChaskalson CJ, inhloko yokuqala yeNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo, owathi ngowe-1989:
‘[T]hina sizoqaphela ukuthi sikweleta kakhulu amajaji ethu ohlelo lwakudala... ngandlela thile ... bagcine izimiso zenkululeko kanye nobulungiswa ziphila emthethweni wezinqumo zamajaji [wamaDashi aseRoma]. Umqondo wokuthi inkululeko kanye nokulunga kuyizimfanelo ezingokwemvelo umthetho ophila kuzo… Leli yifa elibalulekile futhi ekufanele lingancishiswa noma libhubhudlwe.’
Ukusukela ngowe-1994 kuze kube manje
Ukusungulwa kweNkantolo YezoMmthethosisekelo kwakuwukuphela koshintsho olukhulu loMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana ka-1993 ngokuphathelene nohlaka lwamajaji. Uhlaka oluvele lukhona lweNkantolo Ephakeme YezokuDluliswa Kwamacala, esine-AD eyinhloko, sagcinwa sinjalo. Ngaphambi koMthethosisekelo ka-1996, iNkantolo yezoMthethosisekelo kanye ne-AD kwakha iziqongo ezimbili zohlaka lokwehlulela, ezinomugqa oqinile wokwahlulela obuhlukanisayo. INkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo yayinikwe igunya lamandla enkantolo elikhethekile ezindabeni zomthethosisekelo futhi yanikezwa amandla okukhipha umthetho kanye nokuziphatha kwesigunggu esiphethe. I-AD yaqhubeka nokuba yinkantolo yokugcina ngokuphathelene nokufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo kuzo zonke ezinye izindaba, kodwa yayingenalo igunya lamandla enkantolo ezindabeni zomthethosisekelo. Njengoba wawungekho umugqa ohlukanisa kahle ngobunono umthethosisekelo ngokuphathelene ‘nezinye’ izindaba, kwakusobala ukuthi lolu hlaka lunezinkinga. Isibonelo, ukuhlukaniswa kokubuyekezwa kokwahlulela njengodaba lomthethosisekelo ngokuphelele kwakusho ukuthi kususiwe amandla enkantolo angakomlando e-AD ngokuphathelene nokubuyekezwa kokwahlulela.
Le nkinga yaxazululwa ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo ka-1996. I-AD, manje ebizwa kabusha njengeNkantolo Ephakeme YezokuDluliswa Kwamacala, yathola amandla omthethosisekelo, kuyilapho iNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo yanikezwa amandla okusungula umthetho wezinqumo zamajaji ukuze ubonise izindinganiso zomthethosisekelo. I-SCA, kanye neZinkantolo Eziphakeme, yanikezwa amandla okususa ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha kukamongameli, iMithetho yePhalamende kanye neMithetho yesiFundazwe, kuncike ekuqinisekisweni kwemiyalo yayo evela eNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo. Kuyadingeka futhi ukuthi iNkantolo, lapho kutolikwa umthetho noma kuthuthukiswa umthetho wezinqumo zamajaji, ukuba ikhuthaze umoya, yethule umqondo othile kanye nezinto zoMqulu Wamalungelo. Lokhu kwaletha inkathi entsha yokwahlulela ngokomthethosisekelo egxile kuMthethosisekelo kanye nezimiso kanye nezindinganiso ezifakwe kuwo.
Ukungabikho kokuhlukaniswa ngobunono phakathi kwezinkinga zomthethosisekelo kanye nezingezona ezomthethosisekelo, okuye kwabangela izinkantolo izinkinga eziqhubekayo kusukela ngowe-1994, kwaqhubeka nokubangela ukudideka: iyiphi inkantolo eyayiyinkantolo eyinhloko ngempela ngokuphathelene nanoma yiluphi udaba oluthile? Ngokushesha kwaba sobala ukuthi uhla olubanzi lwamalungelo kanye nokuqinisekisiwe ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo, kuhlangene nendlela yeNkantolo yezoMthethosisekelo yokutolika enomusa kanye nokwethula umqondo othile, kwaba nomphumela wokuthi cishe noma yiliphi icala lingabonakala njengokuphakamisa udaba lomthethosisekelo. Njengoba iNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo yayithatha isinqumo sokugcina sokuthi ngabe udaba luyinkinga yomthethosisekelo yini, iqiniso laliwukuthi, ngaphandle kwezimo ezilinganiselwe, kwakuyinkantolo yokuggcina ngokuphathelene nokuthatha izinqumo ebizwa phecelezi ngokuthi yi-de facto apex. Lokhu kwaqashelwa ngowe-August 2013 lapho uMthethosisekelo uchitshiyelwa ukuze kuhlinzekelwe ukuthi iNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo iyinkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke eNingizimu Afrika, nakuba ingase ilalele kuphela izindaba zomthethosisekelo kanye nezindaba eziphakamisa iphuzu eliphikisanayo lomthetho obaluleke kakhulu emphakathini.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo umthetho olawula ukwakheka kwezinkantolo (uMthetho WeNkantolo Ephakeme ka-1959) wahoxiswa futhi kwangena endaweni yawo uMthetho Wezinkantolo Eziphakeme ka-2013. Lokhu bekuhloselwe ukwenza isimo senkantolo yezwe sibe sengqondo futhi sihambisane noMthethosisekelo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-SCA manje isiyaziswa ngokomthetho emthethweni olawulayo njengenkantolo ehlukile futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme isiyinkantolo eyodwa eyakhiwe yizigaba eziningana. Olunye ushintsho oluphawulekayo olwalethwa uMthetho Wezinkantolo Eziphakeme kwakuwukudluliselwa kokuphathwa kwezinkantolo zisuka eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa Nokuthuthukiswa Komthethosisekelo (njengoba wakwaziwa ngaleso sikhathi) ziye eHhovisi leJaji EliyiNhloko elalisanda kubekwa.
Ngowe-1994 wonke amajaji e-AD ayemhlophe futhi oyedwa kuphela (uLeo van den Heever) owayengowesifazane. Njengezwe, inkantolo yayibhekane nenqubo yoshintsho. Ngesikhathi sokubhala lokhu ngabantu abangamashumi amabili nambili ababeqokelwe enkantolo kusukela ngowe-1994 ababengabantu abamnyama kanti abayishumi bebengabesifazane. IJaji EliyiNhloko lokuqala elalingekho mhlophe kwakungu-Ismail Mahomed, owafika ku-SCA esengomunye wamajaji okuqala eNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo kanye nePhini likaMongameli wayo. Kuyadabukisa ukuthi isikhathi sakhe sokuba sehhovisi yafinyezwa ukugula kanye nokushona kwakhe ngowezi-000. Ngowezi-008 u-Lex Mpati waba nguMongameli omnyama olandelayo we-SCA futhi uMongameli wamanje, uMandisa Maya, wangena esikhundleni sakhe ngemuva kokuba yilungu lenkantolo kusukela ngowezi-005. Wehluke ngokuba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukuba yinhloko yale nkantolo. Iningi lamajaji e-SCA amanje limnyama, okwenza inkantolo ibonise kakhudlwana ukwehluka kwezinhlobo zabantu bonke.
Phakathi nalokhu kungaqiniseki kanye nokuba yinkimbinkimbi ngokuphathelene nendawo elawulwayo kanye nesigaba esiphezulu, i-SCA enkathini yentando yeningi, yomthethosisekelo inikeze ukwehlulela okuningi okuveza ngokucacile izindinganiso zoMthethosisekelo wethu kuyilapho zibonisa okungcono kakhulu komlando wendawo elawulwayo kanye nalokho iNkantolo ehlangabezene nakho. Indima edlalwa umkhakha wezomthetho waseNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngowe-1994 iqinisekisile ukuthi inkantolo ezimele ibalulekile ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. I-SCA iyaqhubeka nokudlala indima yayo kulokhu, ichaza izimfuneko zoMthethosisekelo ngendlela efanele, ngokuzimisela kanye nangokungaguquguquki. Ngesikhathi esifanayo iyaqhubeka nokudlala indima yayo ebalulekile njengenkantolo eyinhloko yokudluliselwa kwamacala eNingizimu Afrika ebhekelele ukubonakaliswa okuqhubekayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa komthetho.
Ngaphezu kwamajaji ahlala njalo e-SCA, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi kunamajaji amaningana angamabambela abhekelela ukufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo akhethwe ukuba asebenze enkantolo avela ezigabeni zeNkantolo Ephakeme ukuze agcwalose izikhala zesikhashana, njengalapho amajaji ahlala njalo ngokuphathelene nezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo esekhefini noma esebenza njengamajaji angamabambela asebenza eNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo. Amajaji asebenza ngokugcwele ngokuphathelene nezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi bathathwa ohlwini lwalabo abaye baba basebenza njengamajaji angamabambela ngokuphathelene nokufakwa kwezicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo.
Isakhiwo seNkantolo
Kusukela ngowe-1910 inkantolo yayisebenzisa igumbi nendawo ehambisana namakamelo e-Raadsaal, isakhiwo esingaphesheya komgwaqo u-President Brand Street empumalanga yesakhiwo samanje. I-Raadsaal yasetshenziswa umkhandlu wezomthetho eKoloni yase-Orange River kusukela ngowe-1907 kuya ku-1910 futhi iNyunyana yaba yisihlalo somkhandlu wesifundazwe. Manje iyisihlalo sesishayamthetho sesifundazwe saseFreyistata. Ngowe-1929 iNkantolo yathuthela esakhiweni samanje, esavulwa mhla ziyi-10 kuMfumfu ngowe-1929 nguNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa, u-Oswald Pirow KC. Emcimbini uJacob de Villiers, owayesebenza njengeJaji EliyiNhloko ngemva kokushona kuka-Sir William Solomon, wathi izinkantolo kuyo yonke indawo ‘zimile phakathi kwesihloko kanye nomgodi ongenamkhawulo.’
Lapho umcimbi usuphelile uPirow wanikezwa ukhiye wegolide avula ngawo umnyango wesakhiwo esisha seNkantolo. Encwadini yakhe yezinkumbulo, i-Brushes with the Law, uMarius Diemont JA, owayesengumuntu omusha ngosuku lokuvulwa kweNkantolo, ulandisa ukuthi eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, lapho evela njengomeluleki omncane no-Pirow, bobabili baya eNkantolo ukuyosebenzisa umtapo wolwazi kodwa bathola umnyango ukhiyiwe. UPirow, eshaya lokhu indiva, wathi: ‘Ngavula lesi sakhiwo eminyakeni engama-20 edlule lapho nginguNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa. Nali igama lami etsheni legumbi futhi ukhiye oseketangeni lami lwewashi ungukhiye abanginika wona.’ Kodwa ukhiye wawushintshiwe futhi ukhiye awuzange uwuvule umnyango. Isakhiwo seNkantolo sanwetshwa ngowe-1967 lapho kwakhiwa khona igumbi lesibili lenkantolo kanye namagumbii ezokwehlulela engeziwe. Ukunwetshwa kwesibili kanye nenkantolo enkulu entsha kanye namagumb ezokwehlulela engeziwe kanye nendawo yehhovisi labasebenzi abangonobhala kanye nabacwaningi kwaqedwa ngowezi-011.
Isakhiwo sokuqala sadizayinwa esaziwa phecelezi ngokuthi yi-free Renaissance nguJ S Cleland, uMdwebi Wezindlu Oyinhloko kaHulumeni (Chief Government Architect), owayegalelo nakwezinye izakhiwo eziningi ezinkulu zomphakathi eNingizimu Afrika. Ingxenye endala yakhiwa ngetshe lesihlabathi elivela e-Ladybrand, iphiko elisha elisentshonalanga elinetshe lesihlabathi elivela eFicksburg, futhi ukwandiswa kwakamuva kunetshe lesihlabathi elivela eMookgophong eLimpopo. Esikhathini ngasinye, ukwandiswa kwezakhiwo ukuze kulondolozwe isitayela kanye nokubukeka kwesakhiwo ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ifenisha nokufakwa kwamatshe odongeni okubizwa phecelezi nge-wall cladding emagumbini amabili enkantolo okuqala kanye nomtapo wolwazi kunge-stinkwood (ocotea bullata), isihlahla somdabu esiyivela kancane futhi esibalulekile. Ngenhla kwendawo yokungena eyinhloko futhi okubhalwe etsheni, ngamazwi kaJacob de Villiers, ibambela leJaji EliyiNhloko laseNingizimu Afrika, ekuvulweni kwenkantolo: ‘… Isigqoko sokuzivikela Sokholo, esifanekisela ukholo olusheshayo lwesizwe ebulungiseni kanye nasemandleni omthetho; Izikhiye Zokukhululwa Ekubusweni ngonya, lapho kungekho khona umthetho; kanye nelambu lezobulungiswa elibizwa phecelezi nge-Lamp and the Torches of Truth’. Ukubhekisela Esigqokweni Sezikhali Zokholo kubonakala kubhekisela encwadini kaPawulu eya kwabase-Efesu lapho ebanxusa khona ukuthi bagqoke zonke izikhali zikaNkulunkulu ezihlanganisa ‘isigqoko sokuzivikela sensindiso’. Indawo yokungena eseningizimu inekhanda likaMinerva, unkulunkulukazi wamaRoma wokuhlakanipha nomvikeli wobuciko kanye nesayensi, bese indawo yokungena esenyakatho, inoJupiter, inhloko yethimba lonkulunkulu bamaRoma.
Kwakuthenjwa ukuthi inkantolo entsha nayo ingahlotshiswa nge-stinkwood. Lokhu bekungenakwenzeka njengoba bekunenkinga yangempela yokuthi bekungeke kube namanani anele okhuni ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zephrojekthi njengoba isihlahla manje sesibhekwa njengezinhlobo ezisengcupheni yokushabalala. Ngakho-ke esikhundleni sayo kwasetshenziswa i-Imbuia, ukhuni lokuhlobisa olusezingeni eliphakeme olubukeka ngendlela efanayo. Lesi sakhiwo sasiyisiKhumbuzo sikaZwelonke ngaphansi komthetho waphambilini futhi manje siyiNdawo Yamagugu Kazwelonke.
Egumbini elingaphansi leNkantolo kunezinqolobane zenkantolo lapho kugcinwa khona amarekhodi awo wonke amacala alalelwa eNkantolo kusukela ngowe-1910. Lena ingcebo yomlando ecebile elinde ukuhlolwa yizazi zomlando womthetho.
Umtapo wolwazi
Uhleli esitezi esiphezulu sesakhiwo, uMtapo wolwazi ngokwayo usemazingeni amabili. Umtapo wolwazi wokuqala wawunegumbi elilodwa elinama-alcove nhlangothi zombili, kanye ne-gallery ephezulu. Umtapo wolwazi manje unwetshiwe kakhulu, futhi unephiko elengeziwe elakhiwa yilokho okwakungamagumbi amajaji phambilini.
I-gallery ephezulu yoMtapo wolwazi izungeze igumbi eliphakathi nendawo, futhi ubekwe maphakathi nodonga ngalunye lwezindonga ze-gallery ezine kuneziphandla zezikhali zeziFundazwe ezine zeNyunyana yaseNingizimu Afrika yaphambilini. Amashalofu enziwe nge-Burmese Teak futhi phansi kwakhiwe ngamabhulokhi e-stinkwood.
Umtapo wolwazi uhlalisa imiqulu elinganiselwa kuzi-43 000, lapho izihloko ezingaba yizi-4 000 ’zingeziphathimandla zakudala' eziqukethe, ngokwengxenye enkulu, imibhalo yezazi zezomthetho yamaDashi kanye neyaseZwekazini yeminyaka yekhulu le-16, le-17 nele-18. Imisebenzi emibili emidala emitatsheni yezincwadi yomibili eyangowe-1544. Lezi yizincwadi ziwumsebenzi ophelele kaBartolus (1313-1357) ezinemiqulu eyishumi kanye nalezo zomfundi wakhe, uBaldus (1327-1400). Ibhalwe ngesiLatini, inikeza ukuphawula nge-Corpus Juris Civilis yoMbusi waseRoma uJustinian. Enye into eyingqayizivele yi-Tractatus Universi Juris, ehlanganiswe ekupheleni kweminyaka yekhulu le-16 ngokomyalelo kaPapa Gregory. Le misebenzi ayiyona nje eyentshisekelo yakudala. Ngenxa yesimo esiyingqayizivele ‘seziphathimandla zakudala’ ohlelweni lwezomthetho lwaseNingizimu Afrika, kusaboniswana nazo futhi ngezinye izikhathi kubhekiselwa kuzo ezinqumweni zeNkantolo.
UMtapo wolwazi uphinde ube neqoqo eliphelele lezincwadi zaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nokusabalala okufana kahle kwemibiko yenkantolo yamaNgisi nabantu baseMelika kanye neyamazwekazi, izincwadi zezemfundo kanye namaphephandaba ezomthetho. Okwamanjeuizama ukuthuthukisa ukuqoqwa kwayo kwemisebenzi yomthethosisekelo kanye neyamazwe omhlaba.
Kuyisiko ukuthi izifundiswa zinikele ngamakhophi ezincwadi zazo ezingokomthetho emtapweni wolwazi. Nakuba umtapo wolwazi ngokuyinhloko usetshenziselwa amajaji eNkantolo, abasebenzi bocwaningo nabo bayakwazi ukufinyelela kuwo, njengamalungu omsebenzi wezomthetho, kanye nomphakathi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinokuvinjelwe.
Inqolobane yezithombe
Ephasishi eliholela emtapweni wolwazi kulenga izithombe zamajaji ayimhloko kanye namajaji amaningi eNkantolo kusukela yasungulwa ngowe-1910. Kunemidwebo kanye nemifanekiso ebunjiwe yezikhondlakhondla eziningi zezomthetho zesikhathi esidlule, okuhlanganisa eyamajaji ayinhloko amahlanu okuqala aseNingizimu Afrika.
Okukhulu kakhulu ehholo elidala lokungena, ezitebhisini,kunomfanekiso ka-Lord de Villiers (1873-1914), ijaji eliyinhloko lokuqala leNyunyana yaseNingizimu Afrika. Umuntu onamandla futhi onesithunzi esikhulu, wanikela kakhulu kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe wokwahlulela weminyaka engama-40ngokuphathelene nokwakhiwa komthetho waseNingizimu Afrika. UMoses Kottler, umbumbi womsebenzi wezobuciko odumile waseNingizimu Afrika, wabaza lomfanekiso. Okunye futhi okulenga ezitebhisini yizithombe zika-Sir James Rose Innes, u-Sir William Solomon kanye no-Sir John Wessels.
Owathatha esikhundleni ngemuva kuka-Lord de Villiers kwakungu-Sir James Rose Innes (1855-1942) okunomdwebo wakhe ezitebhisini kanye nasemtapweni wolwazi. Wayedume ngokufunda kwakhe kanye nangokubeka kucace bha ngokuphathelene nokwehlulela kwakhe. Kuthiwa wathatha umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi ukuze enze umngani wakhe wempilo yakhe yonke kanye nozakwabo, u-Sir William Henry Solomon (1852-1930) ukuze asebenze ithemu njengejaji eliyinhloko. Umfanekiso ka-Sir William nawo useMtapweni wezincwadi futhi, njengaleyo yomngani wakhe, yaqoshwa ngu-E Grace Wheatley. Umfanekiso kalowo owathatha izintambo kuSolomon, uJacob de Villiers (1868-1932), uqoshwe nguMoses Kottler, nawo usemtapweni wezincwadi. Walimala futhi waboshwa ngesikhathi seMpi yamaBhunu, wayeyisiboshwa sezempi eBermuda. Umuntu ukuba khona kwakhe okwakudonsa amehlo, ukuba sesikhundleni kwakhe njengejaji eliyinhloko, njengalowo ayethathe kuye izintambo, sasifushane futhi sigcwele impilo engeyinhle kahle.
Kukhona nomfanekiso ka-Sir Johannes (John) Wessels (1862-1936) kuMtapo wolwazii, lona wenziwa ngu-Anton van Wouw. Wayengomunye wamajaji ayekhombisa ukufunda ngokwengeziwe kanye nolwazi olusabalele kakhulu. Umuntu okwazi ukubhekana nezimo ezahlukene, onobuhlakani obuvelele kanye nolwazi olumangalisayo embonini, ngayo yonke indlela futhi, wayenetshisekelo yokuphawula ngaphandle kokulinda futhi abuye angakwazi ukubekezela eThimbeni lamajaji. Yileso seluleko esaphawulwa, ngemva kwesicelo sokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo, ukuthi: “Sinikeze iJaji EliyiNhloko ukulalelwa kwecala ngendlela efanele.”
Umsebenzi wokwahlulela ka-Sir John Gilbert Kotzé (1849-1940) wathatha iminyaka engama-50 kusukela ekuqokweni kwakhe ngowe-1877, lapho eneminyaka engama-27 kuphela yobudala, kwaze kwaba yilapho ethatha umhlalaphansi ngowe-1927. Njengejaji eliyinhloko leRiphabhulikhi yaseNtilasifali waxoshwa nguMongameli uKruger lapho ethi izinkantolo zinelungelo lokuhlola ngokumelene noMthethosisekelo, futhi zimemezele ukuthi izinqumo kanye nemithetho eshaywe yisishayamthetho azikho semthethweni. Kwakuzothatha iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu ngaphambi kokuba izinkantolo zaseNingizimu Afrika zithole lelo gunya ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo. Isazi sezemfundo esidumile, indoda eyayifunda kakhulu futhi eyaqoqa izincwadi, iqoqo lakhe lezihloko eziyi-1556, elathengwa uhulumeni ngowe-1927 ngowe-£800, lakha umnyombo womtapo wolwazi owawusafufusa ngaleso sikhathi weSigaba Sokubuyekeza Izinqumo zeNkantolo. umfanekiso wakhe, nawo owaqoshwa ngu-E Grace Wheatley, itholakala neqoqo.
Eminye imifanekiso amane awamalungu enkantolo aphambilini ame emnyango womtapo wolwazi. ULeopold Greenberg (1885-1964) (oqoshwe nguJack Penn) wayeyijaji elibhekelela izicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo kusukela ngowe-1943 ukuya ku-1955. Wayedume ngekhono lakhe elingefaniswe lokubeka imibono yakhe icace, ukubeka kwakhe okuthile kucace kanye nobuhlakani bakhe obuyingqayizivele. Ababili ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe kwakungu-Oliver Deneys Schreiner (1890-1980) (oqoshwe nguNaomi Jacobson) no-F P (Toon) van den Heever (1894-1956) (oqoshwe nguLaura Rautenbach). USchreiner wayeyijaji elibhekelele izicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo kusukela ngowe-1945 kuya ku-1960. Wayehlonishwa kakhulu njengejaji futhi wayezoba, kodwa ngenxa yezimo zezombangazwe ezazidlangile, ngokungenakugwenywa ubelokhu eyijaji eliyinhloko. UVan den Heever, indoda eyayinamakhono amaningi, naye udume njengembongi yesiBhunu. Okokugcina, kunomfanekiso weJaji EliyiNhloko uL C Steyn (1903-1976) (eqoshwe nguDaniella Geldenhuys). Waqokwa njengejaji elibhekelela izicelo zokubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo ngowe-1955 kanye nanjengejaji eliyinhloko ngowe-1959, lapho asebenza khona kwaze kwaba yilapho eshesha ukuthatha umhlalaphansi ngowe-1971.
Kwelinye lezimpiko oMtapo wolwazi, kunomfanekiso obunjiwe kaTielman Roos (1879-1935)(eqoshwe nguJoseph Coplans) enikelwe ngumndeni wakhe. Ephasishi elingaphandle komtapo wolwazi kunesithombe seJaji EliyiNhloko uMahomed, ngokufanayo esinikelwe ngumndeni wakhe.
AbabengamaJaji AyiNhloko Ophiko LwezokuDluliswa Kwamacala
1910 - 1914 : Lord de Villiers of Wynberg (Washona esasesikhundleni mhla zi-2 September 1914.)
1914 - 1927 : Sir James Rose Innes (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1910.)
1927 - 1929 : Sir William H Solomon (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1910.)
1929 - 1932 : Jacob A J de Villiers (Additional Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1910 and Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1920. (Washona esasesikhundleni 16 September 1932.)
1932 - 1936 : Sir J W Wessels (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1923. Washona esasesikhundleni end 1936.)
1936 - 1938 : J S Curlewis (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1927.)
1938 - 1939 : J Stratford (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1927.)
1939 - 1943 : N J de Wet (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1937)
1943 - 1950 : E F Watermeyer (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1938)
1950 - 1957 : A van der Sandt Centlivres (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1939)
1957 - 1959 : H A Fagan (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1950.)
1959 - 1971 : L C Steyn (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1955.)
1971 - 1974 : N Ogilvie Thompson (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1958.)
1974 - 1982 : F L H Rumpff (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1961.)
1982 - 1989 : P J Rabie (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1970.)
1989 - 1996 : M M Corbett (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1974.)
1997 - 2000 : I Mahomed ((Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1996. Washona esasesikhundleni 17th June 2000)
2000 - 2001 : H J O Van Heerden (Acting Chief Justice) (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1982.)
2001 : J J F Hefer (Ijaji EliyiNhloko Eliyibamba) (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1984.)
AbabengoMengameli WeNkantolo Ephakeme YezokuDluliswa Kwamacala
2002 - 2003 : J J F Hefer (UMengameli Oyibamba)
2003 - 2008 : C T Howie (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1993)
2008 - 2016 : L Mpati (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka wezi-2000)
2016 - 2022: M M L Maya (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka wezi-2005. Waba yibamba kusukela ngonyaka wezi-2016 kuya kowezi-2017; Waqokwa njengePhini LejajiEliyiNhloko ngonyaka wezi-2022)
2023 kuze kube manje: M B Molemela ( Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka wezi-2018)
AbabengamaPhini OMengameli BeNkantolo Ephakeme YezokuDluiswa Kwamacala
2003 - 2008 : L Mpati (owaphetha ngokuba nguMengameli WeNkantolo)
2008 - 2011 : L T C Harms (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1993)
2012 - 2014 : K K Mthiyane (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka wezi-2001)
2015 : M S Navsa (eyibamba)
2015 - 2017 : M M L Maya (owaphetha ngokuba nguMengameli WeNkantolo)
2017 - 2018 : J B Z Shongwe (eyibamba)
2019 - 2024 : X M Petse ( waba ngumengameli Oyibamba ngonyaka wezi-2022)
2024 – Washona esasesikhundleni : D H Zondi (Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka wezi-2014)
Amajaji EzokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1910
1910 - 1922: C G Maasdorp (Ijaji Elengeziwe LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1910 and Ijaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1915)
1914 - 1923 : Sir Henry H Juta (Ijaji Elengeziwe LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1910 neJaji LezokuDluliswa Kwamacala kusukela ngonyaka we-1920.)
1922 - 1927 : Sir John G Kotzé
1929 - 1932 : T J de V Roos
1932 - 1937 : F W Beyers
1933 - 1939 : Sir Etienne de Villiers
1938 - 1949 : B A Tindall
1939 - 1944 : R Feetham
1943 - 1955 : L Greenberg
1945 - 1961 : O D Schreiner
1948 - 1956 : F P (‘Toon’) van den Heever
1949 - 1963 : O H Hoexter
1955 - 1960 : E N de Beer
1955 - 1957 : F G Reynolds
1955 - 1957 : H de Villiers
1955 - 1957 : C P Brink
1955 - 1956 : C G Hall
1956 - 1968 : D O K Beyers
1958 - 1976 : P J van Blerk
1958 - 1959 : A B Beyers (Waqokwa njengeJaji elinguMengameli laseKapa,ngowe-1958)
1959 - 1960 : A C Malan
1959 - 1961 : W H Ramsbottom (Washona esasesikhundleni)
1961 - 1965 : D H Botha (Washona esasesikhundleni)
1961 - 1963 : L J de V van Winsen (Wabuyela eKapa)
1961 - 1967 : J T van Wyk (Waqokwa njengejaji lesikhashana eNkantolo yoMhlaba kwaze kwaba ngonyaka we-1966. Wabe esebeuyela eKapa waba yiJaji elinguMengameli ngowe-1973)
1961 - 1977 : G N Holmes
1962 - 1967 : A Faure-Williamson (Washona esasesikhundleni)
1963 - 1984 : P J Wessels
1965 - 1973 : H J Potgieter (Washona esasesikhundleni)
1968 - 1988 : E L Jansen
1969 - 1981 : W G Trollip
1971 - 1984 : G V R Muller
1974 - 1978 : S Hofmeyr
1975 - 1976 : O Galgut
1976 - 1977 : J N C de Villiers
1976 - 1985 : G P C Kotzé
1976 - 1985 : S Miller
1977 - 1982 : M A Diemont
1977 - 1995 : C P Joubert
1978 - 1986 : J J Trengove
1980 - 1985 : P M Cillié
1980 - 1988 : G Viljoen
1982 - 1994 : G G Hoexter
1982 - 1996 : A S Botha
1983 - 1985 : H C Nicholas
1985 - 1986 : W G Boshoff
1985 - 1988 : H R Jacobs
1985 - 1998 : E M Grosskopf
1985 - 2002 : J W Smalberger
1986 - 1997 : H H Nestadt
1986 - 2003 : W Vivier
1988 - 1990 : M T Steyn
1988 - 1996 : M E Kumleben
1988 - 1994 : J P G Eksteen
1988 - 1993: A J Milne (Washona esasesikhundleni)
1988 - 2001 : F H Grosskopf
1990 - 1991: G Friedman (Waqokwa njengeJaji elinguMengameli waseKapa, we-1991)
1990 - 1994: R J Goldstone (Waqokelwa eNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo, wezi-1994)
1990 - 2002 : P M Nienaber
1991 - 1996 : L van den Heever
1993 - 2008 : C T Howie
1993 - 1994: J C Kriegler (Waqokelwa eNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo, we-1994)
1995 - 2004 : R M Marais
1995 - 2003 : P J J Olivier
1995 - 2004 : W P Schutz (Washona esasesikhundleni)
1995 - 2008 : D G Scott
1996 - 2007 : R H Zulman
1996 - 2000 : C Plewman
1997 - 2010 : P E Streicher
2000 - 2009 : I G Farlam
2000 - 2008 : E Cameron (Waqokelwa eNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo, wezi-2008)
2000 - 2022 : M S Navsa
2002 - 2015 : F D J Brand
2002 - 2013 : R W Nugent
2002 - 2007 : J H Conradie
2003 - 2012 : T D Cloete
2003 - 2019 : C H Lewis
2003 - 2012 : J A Heher
2004 - 2013 : B J van Heerden
2004 - 2025 : V M Ponnan
2005 - 2009 : C N Jafta (Waqokelwa eNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo, wezi-2009)
2005 - 2010 : D Mlambo (Waqokwa njengoMengameli waseGauteng, wezi-2010)
2007 - 2008 : P C Combrinck
2007 - 2021 : A Cachalia
2009 - 2014: S Snyders (Washona esasesikhundleni)
2009 - 2016: N Z Mhlantla (Waqokelwa eNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo, ngowezi-2016)
2009 - 2013 : F R Malan
2009 - 2018 : L O Bosielo (Washona esasesikhundleni)
2009 - 2018 : J B Z Shongwe
2009 - 2020 : L E Leach
2009 - 2019 : Z L Tshiqi (Waqokelwa eNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo, ngowezi-2019)
2010 - 2017: L V Theron (Waqokelwa eNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo, ngowezi-2017)
2010 - 2019 : S A Majiedt (Waqokelwa eNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo, ngowezi-2019)
2010 - 2019: L W Seriti
2011 - 2021: M J D Wallis
2012 - 2024 : X M Petse (iPhini likaMengameli ngowezi-2019)
2013 - 2018 : N P Willis
2013 - 2023: H K Saldulker
2014 - 2020: K G B Swain
2014 - 2022: B H Mbha
2014 - kuze kube manje: D H Zondi (iPhini LikaMengameli ngowezi-2024)
2015 - 2026: N Dambuza
2015 - 2021: R Mathopo (Waqokelwa eNkantolo YezoMthethosisekelo, ngowezi-2021)
2016 - 2023: C H G van der Merwe
2016 - kuze kube manje: B C Mocumie
2018 - kuze kube manje: T M Makgoka
2018 - kuze kube manje: M B Molemela
2018 - kuze kube manje: A Schippers
2019 - 2026: F E Mokgohloa (Washona esasesikhundleni)
2019 - 2022: C M Plasket
2019 - 2022: D V Dlodlo
2019 - kuze kube manje: C H Nicholls
2019 - kuze kube manje: Y T Mbatha
2021 - 2024: T R Gorven
2021 - 2024: Z Carelse (Waqokelwa eNkantolo YezoMhlaba ngowez-2024)
2021 - 2026: S P B Mothle
2021 - kuze kube manje: W Hughes
2021 - 2024: N P Mabindla-Boqwana (Waqokelwa eNkantolo ePhakeme yase-WC , ngowezi-2024)
2022 - kuze kube manje: P A Meyer
2022 - kuze kube manje: M K Matojane
2022 - 2026: S E Weiner
2022 - kuze kube manje: G Goosen
2022 - kuze kube manje: D E Molefe
2023 - kuze kube manje: M A Kgoele
2023 - kuze kube manje: F Kathree-Setiloane
2024 - kuze kube manje: J E Smith
2024 - kuze kube manje: R M Keightley
2024 - kuze kube manje: D N Unterhalter
2024 - kuze kube manje: P A Koen
2024 - kuze kube manje: E Baartman
2024 - kuze kube manje: P Coppin
2026 - kuze kube manje: T V Norman
2026 - kuze kube manje: B Vally
2026 - kuze kube manje: L Windell
_________________
Ulwazi Olusha Lwafakwa: mhla zingama-26 kuNcwaba wezi-2026
Inqubo yeNkantolo
Inkantolo ithatha izinqumo ngokubheka okuqoshiwe okwenzeke enkantolo okusuka kuyo icala elidluliswayo futhi iphinde ibheke izethulo ezibhaliwe nezethulwa ngomlomo. Ofakazi abaveli enkantolo, futhi abathintekayo abadingi ukuba babe khona ngesikhathi sokulalelwa icala elidlulisiwe. Isahlulelo esibhaliwe sivame ukwethulwa uma sekuqedwe ngezethulo zokudluliswa kwecala.
INkantolo ilalela izethulo zokudluliswa kwecala ilandela ubufakazi obuyiqiniso futhi njengoba kungekho midanti yokuqulwa kwecala, iba nethuba elivulelekile lokuzithathela isinqumo sayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, amajaji kufanele afunde konke okuqoshiwe okuyirekhodi lokwenzeke ezinkantolo eziphansi. Ngokujwayelekile, Ijaji ngalinye ngonyaka labelwa amacala aqukethe ubufakazi obulinganiselwa emakhasini ayizi-30 000 kanye nobufakazi obungamazibithi. Ngaphezulu kwalokho, Ijaji ngalinye labelwa izicelo zokudluliswa kwamacala ezibizwa ngamaphethishini.
PERSONAL
Born 23 September 1965, Johannesburg
Partner: Gary Da Mata
No children
EDUCATION
Matric: Hoёrskool Linden (1983)
Degrees: B Comm Law (1986) Rand Afrikaans University, (now University of Johannesburg)
LLB (1988) Rand Afrikaans University
LLM Banking Law (1992) Rand Afrikaans University
PROFESSIONAL HISTORY
Candidate Attorney Bowens - Attorneys, Johannesburg - January 1989-December 1990
Admitted as attorney March/April 1991
Employed as Professional Assistant - Bowens Attorneys - April 1991-February 1992
Pupillage - Johannesburg Society of Advocates (JSA) - February 1992 to July 1992
Member JSA - 2 July 1992-30 November 2018
Senior counsel status conferred - 2009
Various acting appointments at High Court, Johannesburg during 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018.
Acting appointment at High Court, Pretoria – February 2018, May 2018
Appointed as Judge of the High Court, Gauteng Division, Johannesburg - 1 January 2019 to present.
Acting Judge, Supreme Court of Appeal: 01 June – 30 September 2024
OTHER ACTIVITIES
Member of Law Society of Northern Province -1991-February 1992
Member JSA 1992 – 2018
Member of Bar Council JSA - November 1998 – October 2007
Ad hoc member of JSA Bar Bursary Fund Committee – 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 and JSA Professional Committee - 2013
Involved in Advocacy Training JSA from 2000 – 2009; since 2019 on ad hoc basis when requested to assist
Involved in training programmes of Aspirant Women Judges and Aspirant Judges in 2022 and 2023
Education:
Matric (1982) East Rand High School
Dipl Iuris (1985) University of Western Cape
BA (Law) (1988) University of Western Cape
LLB (1991) University of Western Cape
BA (Hon) Public Administration (1993) University Western Cape
LLM (1995) University of Cape Town
Admitted as an Attorney of the High Court of South Africa 2001
Professional History:
Public Prosecutor: 1986 - Feb 1992
Regional Court Control Prosecutor: Jan 1991 - Jan 1992
District Magistrate: Criminal, Family and Civil Courts: Feb 1992 - Mar 1997
Regional Magistrate: Mar 1997 - Apr 2004
Acting Judge; Northern Cape High Court, Kimberly: Apr 2004 - Jun 2005
Judge; Free State High Court, Bloemfontein: June 2005
Acting Judge; Labour Court: Apr - Jun 2008; Sep - Dec 2009
Acting Judge; Labour Appeal Court: Feb - June 2010; Jul - Dec 2012; Aug - Dec 2013
Acting Judge; Lesotho High Court & Lesotho Labour Appeal Court: 2010 - Mar 2012
Designated Acting Judge; Lesotho Commercial Court: 11 Jul 2012
Judge; Labour Appeal Court: Jul 2014 – Jul 2024
Acting Judge President; Free State High Court: Feb-Apr 2015; Dec 2016; Jan-Sep 2017; Jun-Nov 2018
Acting Judge; Constitutional Court of South Africa: Aug - Dec 2016
Deputy Judge President; Free State High Court: Jan 2017 - Nov 2018
Acting Judge; Supreme Court of Appeal: Jan-Sep 2022; Oct-Nov 2023
Judge President; Free State High Court: 1 Dec 2018 - to date
Acting Judge; Supreme Court of Appeal:1 Dec 2024 -
Other Activities:
Peer facilitator, training magistrates and Judges, nationally and internationally, on topics including:
Maintenance; Inter-sectionality between HIV/Aids and domestic violence; Domestic violence Act;
Social context in judicial decision making; Equality court matters; Human rights in context of criminal matters; Judgement Writing; Sentencing; Social Context in Judicial Decision Making; Adjudication on matters involving the right to equality; Admissibility of electronic evidence; Judicial Accountability and Ethics; Ethics; Social Media and the Judiciary; Judicial Independence.
Deputy Chairperson, Magistrates’ Association of South Africa – (Western Cape): 1993 - 1994
Member of executive committee, Magistrates’ Association of South Africa: 1994 - 1995
Chairperson (Western Cape), Judicial Officers’ Association of South Africa (JOASA): 2000 - 2001.
National President, Judicial Officers’ Association of South Africa (JOASA): 2002 - 2004
President, African Regional Group of the International Association of Judges: 2010 - 2018
Currently Hon President, African Regional Group
One of the Vice Presidents, International Association of Judges: 2010 - 2018.
Board Member: Law, Race and Gender Research Unit (University of Cape Town): 2005
Advisory Board Member: Canada – SA – Justice Linkage Project: 2002
Member, Free State Centre for Human Rights Advisory Board: 8 Oct 2018 - to date.
Chairperson, Malibu Village Residents and Ratepayers’ Association
Member, Western Cape Appointments Committee for Magistrates: 2001 - 2004
Previously Chairperson, Commission for The Remuneration of Public Office Bearers: 2014 - 2019
Member, Judicial Accountability Committee (High Courts)
Chairperson, Judicial Accountability Committee for The Lower Courts Member of the Judicial Case Flow Management Committee
Board Member, South African Judicial Education Institute
Managing Editor, South African Judicial Education Journal
Member, The Hague Conference Judges Network since 2019.
Personal:
25 July 1966: Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape
Husband: Late Sijadu Lulamile Vulindlela Ndizana
Two children including the Late Yivani Mbali Ndizana
Education:
Matric: Mount Arthur Girl’s High School, Lady Frere, Eastern Cape (1983)
B. Soc Sc, University of Cape Town (1987)
Social Work Honors University of Cape Town (1988)
LLB, University of Natal, Durban (1991)
Accredited Arbitrator by Independent Mediation Services of South Africa (IMSSA) (1997)
Global Faculty Development Certificate (GFD) Wharton Business School, Pennsylvania, USA (2010)
Professional History:
Intern: Centre for Applied Legal Studies (CALS), University of Witwatersrand (1992)
Tutor: Labour Law Academic Support Program (Wits) 1992
Articled Clerk: Cheadle Thompson and Haysom Johannesburg and Pietermaritzburg (1993 – 1995)
Professional Assistant : Von Klemperer Davis, Pietermaritzburg (1995 -1996)
Founder: Thina Siwendu & Associates later Siwendu & Partners Inc. (1996 – 2012)
Director: Corporate Commercial Department Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr Inc (2012 – 2016)
Acting Judge of the High Court: Gauteng Division, Johannesburg (2014 – 2016)
Judge of the High Court: Gauteng Division, Johannesburg (2017 to present)
Special Tribunal Member in terms of the Special Investigation Unit and Special Tribunals Act (2019 – present)
Acting Judge of the Competition Appeal Court (2021 to present)
Acting Judge, Supreme Court of Appeal: 1 June – 30 November 2022; 1 December 2022 - 31 March 2023; 1 April - 31 May 2023; 1 June - 30 September 2023
Other Activities:
Examiner Attorneys Admission Examination Book Keeping and Ethics, KwaZulu-Natal Law Society
Member of Special Complaints Committee, KwaZulu-Natal Law Society
Part-Time contract law Teacher for Continuing Legal Education Law Society of South Africa
Deputy Chairman, South African Property Owners Association (SAPOA KZN)
Non-Executive Director; East Coast Radio (2003 -2005)
Research Fellow, Centre for Corporate Governance University of Stellenbosch (2008 – 2017)
Member of the United Nations Global Compact Advisory Committee (South African Local Network) (2014-2016)
Non-Executive Director in listed and unlisted companies Thebe Investments (2006- 2008) Grindrod Limited and Grindrod Bank (2008 -2010) Woolworths Holdings Limited (2009 -2017)
Commissioner of the South African Law Reform Commission (2013 – 2018)
Ministerial Designate to the National Forum for the Transformation of the Legal Profession (2015 – 2016)
South African Chapter of the International Association of Women Judges member (2017 – present)
South African Judicial Education (SAJEI) Moderator and Presenter (2020 and 2021)
Honours and Awards:
Moot Finalist Final Year LLB, University of Natal, Durban (1991)
Siwendu and Partners Inc voted by Impumelelo as a Top Empowerment Companies (2003)
Regional Business Women Achiever; Professional Category by Business Women’s Association (BWA) (2004)
Subcategories
KOEN, PETRUS ARNOLUS
Personal:
Matric: Gert Maritz, PMB.
B Com: University of Natal, 1980
LLB: University of Natal, 1982
Professional History:
Candidate Attorney 1985 to 1986
Attorney, Notary Public and Conveyancer: 1987 – 1988
Advocate: 1988 – 2006
Senior Counsel: 1998
Acting judge of the High Court, KZN periodically - 2004 to 2005.
Judge of High Court, KZN: 1 November 2006 to date.
Acting Judge of Appeal, Supreme Court of Appeal: 1 December 2014 – 31 March 2015
Acting Judge of Appeal, Supreme Court of Appeal: 1 December 2019 – 31 May 2020
Acting Judge of Appeal, Supreme Court of Appeal: 1 October 2023 – 30 November 2023
Acting Judge of Appeal Supreme Court of Appeal: 01 April - 31 May 2024, 01 June - 30 September 2024, 01 October - 30 November 2024
Appointed Judge of Supreme Court of Appeal: 01 December 2024 to date
Other Professional Activities:
Part-time lecturer: Contract and Civil Procedure, University of Natal 1990 – 1995
Member of the Law School Board, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg: 1996
Member of Society of Advocates: 1988 – 2006
Vice Chair of Pietermaritzburg Society of Advocates: 2003 -2004
Chair of Pietermaritzburg Society of Advocates: 2005
Past member of council of Pietermaritzburg Community Chest
